AP2071AEN AKM | Alldatasheet
Document overview
- Manufacturer or author: Provided By ALLDATASHEET.COM(FREE DATASHEET DOWNLOAD SITE)
- PDF pages: 31
Technical content
[AP2071AEN] MS1607-E-00 - 1 - 2014/03 1. General Description The AP2071AEN is a white LED driver IC for camera flash, using EDLC (Electronic Double La yer Capacitor) in portable equipment. The AP2071AEN integrates a current mode synchronous boost DC-DC converter and four maximum 2A current sources (maximum 8.0A total). The internal boost DC-DC converter integrates a switching FET and synchronous rectifier, and supporting small size multilayer inductor with 2MHz switching frequency. An integrated EDLC voltage control circuit and a charge current control circuit makes the AP2071AEN most suitable for EDLC charge system s. The AP2071AEN also includes eight protections that are an under voltage lock out, EDLC cell short/open protection, thermal detection, LED open/short detection, LED thermal protection, output-ground short protection, inductor current limitation and flashing time limitation to avoid significant system problems. Flash current, torch current, charge current, inductor limit current, flash on -time and EDLC full charge voltage are programmable through I2C interface. The AP2071AEN is housed in a small size package (24-pin QFN, 4.0mm x 4.0mm) to utilize less board space. 2. Features Power Supply Voltage(VIN): 2.5V~5.5V LED Current: max 8.0A, total (max 2.0A/ch) High Efficiency: - 90% @ VIN pin=3.7V, VOUT pin=4.5V, total LED current= 240mA, Torch mode, with recommended external parts Switching Frequency: 2.0 MHz Mode: - Charge (charge to EDLC) - Flash - Torch - Bypass torch (Boost circuit off, only drive LEDs with fixed current source) - Discharge I2C Function: - Flash/Torch LED current setting (Each channel can be set independently) - Flashing ON-time setting - Charge current setting - Current Limit value setting - Full charge voltage setting (EDLC) - Discharge finishing voltage setting (EDLC) - NTC voltage detection voltage setting Protection Function: - UVLO (Under Voltage Lock Out) protection - EDLC cell short/open protection - Thermal protection - LED Open/Short protection - LED thermal protection - Output-GND protection - Inductor current limitation protection - Flashing time limitation protection Ta: -30 to 85C Package: 24-pinUQFN (4.0 x 4.0mm, 0.5mm pitch) High Current (8A) white LEDs driver for Flash with I2C AP2071AEN
[AP2071AEN] MS1607-E-00 - 2 - 2014/03 3. Table of Contents
Figure 1. AP2071AEN Block Diagram
[AP2071AEN] MS1607-E-00 - 4 - 2014/03 5. Pin Configurations and Functions ■ Ordering Guide AP2071AEN 30 to 85C 24-pin QFN ■ Pin Configurations GND2 LED2 GND3 GND4 LED3 GND5 GND1 LED1 PGND SW VOUT VCAP GND6 LED4 STROBE SCL SDA CHARGE AGND VIN DET EN NTC ADDR Top View 2 3 Exposed pad ■ PIN Functions No. Pin Name I/O Function 1,18,19, 21,22,24 GND1-6 - Ground for current sources
2 LED4 I Connect to Flash/Torch LED pin4
(This pin must be open when not used)
3 STROBE I Flashing control input pin
4 SCL I I2C clock input pin
5 SDA I/O I2C data input pin
6 CHARGE I
0: charge stop (DC-DC convert is stopped too) 1: charge (Connect this pin to GND when not used)
7 ADDR I Chip address LSB bit
Low: “0”; High: chip address= “1”
8 NTC I/O Connect to NTC resistor
(Connect this pin to GND when not used)
9 EN I Enable pin
10 DET O EDLC full charge voltage detection pin (Open drain)
11 VIN I Connect to battery
12 AGND - Ground for Analog circuit
13 VCAP O EDLC voltage protection pin
14 VOUT O Voltage output pin
15 SW I Connect to coil
16 PGND - Ground for DC-DC
17 LED1 I Connect to Flash/Torch LED pin1
(This pin must be open when not used)
20 LED2 I Connect to Flash/Torch LED pin2
(This pin must be open when not used)
23 LED3 I Connect to Flash/Torch LED pin3
(This pin must be open when not used)
[AP2071AEN] MS1607-E-00 - 5 - 2014/03 6. Absolute Maximum Ratings (AGND=PGND=GND1~6=0V; (Note 1)) Parameter Symbol min max Unit VIN, SW, VOUT, LED1, LED2, LED3, LED4, NTC and VCAP pins VIN1 0.3 6.5 V DET, EN, STROBE, CHARGE, SCL, SDA and ADDR pins (Note 2) VIN2 0.3 VIN + 0.3 V Junction Temperature TJ - 125 C Storage Temperature TSTG 55 150 C Maximum Power Dissipation (Note 3) PD 2.5 W Note 1. All voltage is respect to ground. All ground should be connecting to same ground. Note 2. The maximum value is a lower value either 6.5V or VIN+0.3V. Note 3. Measured by recommended foot pattern; Size: 50 x 40mm x 1.0mm, 2 layered board (metal densities of top layer: 80%, metal densities of bottom layer: 80%). This value is reduced by 25mW/C when the temperature is more than 25C (Ta≥25). The thermal resistance is 40C/W The value is internal dissipation of the AP2071AEN that does not include power dissipation of external parts. “Exposed PAD” must be connected to ground. Note: Since the actual thermal resistance is much dependent on the board layout and the thermal design, make sure that the junction temperature of the IC will not exceed 125°C by the system design. WARNING: Operation at or beyond these limits may result in permanent damage to the device. Normal operation is guaranteed at these extremes. 7. Recommended Operating Conditions (AGND=PGND=GND1~6=0V; (Note 1)) Parameter Symbol min typ max Unit Input Voltage (VIN) Vbatt 2.5 3.7 5.5 V SCL, SDA, STROBE, CHARGE, EN, ADDR pins VINPUT 1.2 VIN V Operation Temperature Ta -30 25 85 C
[AP2071AEN] MS1607-E-00 - 6 - 2014/03 8. Electrical Characteristics (AGND=PGND=GND1~6=0V ;(Note 1), VIN=3.7V, Ta=25°C, Recommend Parts, unless otherwise specified) Parameter Symbol min typ max Unit Conditions Power-down Current IPD 0.5 2.0 µA EN= “L” VOUT=0V Quiescent Current in VIN pin IQ 1.0 1.5 mA ILEDn= 0mA VOUT= 5.0V VOUT Detection Voltage Accuracy1 AVOUT1 -1.6 1.6 % VSET[2:0]= “101”, “110” VOUT Detection Voltage Accuracy2 AVOUT2 -3.0 3.0 % VIN=2.5~5.5V Ta= -30~85°C VOUT Detection Voltage Accuracy3 AVOUT3 -3.5 3.5 % VIN=2.5~5.5V Ta= -30~85°C LED pins Voltage1 (Flash mode) VLED1 0.30 0.45 V ILEDn = 2A/ch LED pins Voltage2 (Torch mode) VLED2 0.50 0.60 V ILEDn = 0.24A/4ch LED Current Accuracy1 (flash) ALEDC1 -10 10 % ILEDn = 1.6~2A/ch VLEDn= 0.5V LED Current Accuracy2 (flash) ALEDC2 -12 12 % ILEDn = 1.6~2A/ch VLEDn = 0.6~2.2V VIN= 2.5~5.5V Ta= -30~85°C LED Current Accuracy3 (flash) ALEDC3 -18 18 % ILEDn≦1.4A/ch VLEDn = 0.6~2.2V VIN= 2.5~5.5V Ta= -30~85°C LED Current Accuracy4 (torch) ALEDC4 -15 15 % VLEDn = 0.4~0.7V LED Current Accuracy5 (torch) ALEDC5 -20 20 % VLEDn = 0.4~0.7V VIN= 2.5~5.5V Ta= -30~85°C Charger Current Accuracy ACHAR -10 10 % VOUT>1.0V Maximum Limit Current IMAXL 1200 1500 1800 mA VOUT=4.5V Efficiency (Note 4) (Torch mode) Effi 90 % ILEDn = 0.24A VOUT=4.5V Under Voltage Lock Out VIN,LOW 2.2 2.3 2.4 V Boost Frequency1 FBOOST1 1.5 2.0 2.2 MHz Ta= -30~85°C Flash Timer Accuracy ATimer -15 30 % VIN= 2.5~5.5V Ta= -30~85°C NTC Detection Voltage Accuracy Vdet -6 6 % NTC Current Vcurr 33 35 37 A VCAP pin Maximum Output Current (source) IMAXVCA PS 100 200 300 mA VOUT= 5.0V VCAP= 2.3V VCAP pin Maximum Output Current (sink) IMAXVCA PS 100 200 300 mA VOUT= 5.0V VCAP= 2.7V Thermal Protection Temperature Treg 120 140 °C Discharge Impedance RDISC 51 68 85 Ω Note 4. Efficiency= VOUT×ILED / (VIN × IIN) ×100
[AP2071AEN] MS1607-E-00 - 8 - 2014/03 9. Functional Descriptions The AP2071AEN integrates a boost DC-DC converter which integrates a switching FET and a synchronous rectifier, supporting small size multilayer inductor with 2MHz switching frequency. The AP2071AEN has four current sources to control the LED current which connected to LED1, LED2, LED3, LED4 pins. The AP2071AEN supports five operation modes (Charge, Flash, Torch, Bypass torch and Discharge). Mode Function Register Setting Explanation Mode 1 Charger Mode CHAR bit= “1” FLASH bit= “0” TORCH bit= “0” DISCH[1:0]= “00” Charge EDLC. Mode 2 Flash Mode FLASH bit= “1” TORCH bit= “0” DISCH[1:0]= “00” Drive LED with flashing setting current. Mode 3 Torch Mode CHAR bit= “1” FLASH bit= “0” TORCH bit= “1” DISCH[1:0]= “00” Drive LED with torching setting current and the DC-DC boost circuit operating. Mode 4 Bypass Torch Mode CHAR bit= “1” FLASH bit= “0” TORCH bit= “1” DISCH[1:0]= “00” VSET[2:0]= “000” Drive LED with torching setting current and the DC-DC boost circuit not operating. Mode 5 Discharger Mode DISCH[1:0]= “01” or “10” Discharge EDLC until the setting voltage through 68 which connected to GND.
will change from “H” to “L”. Figure 4. Recommend sequence in case of charge mode (2) Set registers 1ms after the EN pin is set from “L” to “H”. (4) When the VOUT reaches 0.2V, EDLC will be charged with setting current which set by CHAR[1:0] bits. with a maximum inductor peak current which is set by CLIMIT[2:0] bits. (6) When the VOUT is in the range of (VIN-0.1V) ~ (VIN*120%), the EDLC is changed by PFM control. (7) When the VOUT is more than 120% of VIN (VOUT > VIN*120%), the EDLC is charged by PWM control. LIMIT2-0 bits except the cases shown below. When LIMITSEL= “0”, the inductor peak current is limit to 500mA. When LIMITSEL= “1”, the inductor peak current is limit to 1000mA. (9) When the VOUT reaches the setting voltage (VSET[2:0] bits), the DET pin will changed from “H” to “L”. drops to 99% of the setting voltage.
AP2071AEN can drive LEDs with flashing current when VOUT pin >2V. Figure 5. Flash Mode Sequence FLASH bit is changed to “1” from “0”. internal timer (TIME[3:0]) is longer than “H” period of the STOBE pin. is shorter than “H” period of the STOBE pin. powered down. In this case, the consumption current will be 100A at the VOUT pin. (6) LED current will be decreased when VOUT< VF of LEDs + LED1~4 voltages 0.3V (typ). Driving LEDs with a setting current, the conditions shown below should be satisfied. VF: LED VF which is connected to LED1~4 pins.
[AP2071AEN] MS1607-E-00 - 11 - 2014/03 ■ Torching Sequence A battery can drive LEDs which is connected to the LED1~4 pins through the VOUT pin. The LED current (torching current) can be set in the range from 10mA to 140mA by a register setting. The AP2071AEN will be in torch mode by setting TORCH bit to “1” after setting the EN pin to “H” if the CHARGE pin is “H” or CHAR bit is “1”. LEDs can be driven when the VOUT voltage reaches the voltage which is set by VSET[2:0] bits. The stable VOUT voltage is determined by input voltage (VIN), VOUT setting voltage (VSET) and LED VF. Formula (1): In the case of VSET > VF + 0.5V > VIN*1.07 VOUT = VF + 0.5V Formula (2): In the case of VSET > VIN*1.07 > VF + 0.5V VOUT = VIN *1.07 Formula (3): In the case of VF > VSET → LED cannot be driven. Set appropriate VOUT voltage for LEDs in consideration of VF value of LED.
Figure 6. Torch Mode Sequence (Formula (1)) (2) Set registers 1ms after the EN pin is set from “L” to “H”. (3) LEDs can be driven if the output voltage (VOUT) reaches VSET voltage. LED current reaches the setting current within 80us. (4) The internal DC-DC boosting circuit is not in operation VOUT > VF+0.5V. (5) The internal DC-DC boosting circuit starts operation when VOUT = VF+0.5V. CHARGE pin= “H” or CHAR bit= “1”: The AP2071AEN starts charging to an external EDLC. CHARGE pin= “L” and CHAR bit= “0”: The AP2071AEN does not charge to an external EDLC.
Figure 7. Torch Mode Sequence (Formula(2)) (2) Set registers 1ms after the EN pin is set from “L” to “H”. (3) LEDs can be driven if the output voltage (VOUT) reaches VSET voltage. LED current reaches the setting current within 80us. (4) The internal DC-DC boosting circuit is not in operation while VOUT > VIN. (5) The internal DC-DC boosting circuit starts operation when VOUT = VIN*1.07. CHARGE pin= “H” or CHAR bit= “1”: The AP2071AEN starts charging to an external EDLC. CHARGE pin= “L” and CHAR bit= “0”: The AP2071AEN does not charge to an external EDLC.
which is for driving LEDs with the setting current). (typ) VIN > VF+0.5V + (inductor resistor + wire resistor + 0.27 (PMOS ON-RES)) * torching current. Figure 8. Bypass Torch Mode Sequence (2) Set registers 1ms after the EN pin is set from “L” to “H”. (3) LED can be driven if the output voltage (VOUT) reaches VSET*0.96 voltage. LED current reaches the setting current within 80µs. (4) A stable VOUT voltage in a range from VF+0.5V and VIN (typical) is output. (5) Charge EDLC until VOUT=VIN. CHARGE pin= “H” or CHAR bit= “1”: The AP2071AEN starts charging to an external EDLC. CHARGE pin= “L” and CHAR bit= “0”: The AP2071AEN does not charge to an external EDLC.
[AP2071AEN] MS1607-E-00 - 15 - 2014/03 ■ Discharging Sequence The AP2071AEN discharges an external EDLC by a 68Ω impedance by setting DISCH[1:0] bits = “01” or “10”. The EDLC can be discharged to 2.5V or GND selected by resister setting. Discharge mode has priority to any other operation modes (flash, torch and charge). When setting the AP2071AEN to discharge mode during charge or LED driving modes, the AP2071AEN exits charge or LED driving mode forcibly.
[AP2071AEN] MS1607-E-00 - 16 - 2014/03 ■ Protection Function The AP2071AEN has protection functions shown below to avoid system failures and device damages. Protection Condition Device Statement Recovering Condition Under Voltage Lock Out (UVLO) VIN pin ≤ 2.3V Charge, boost and current source circuits are powered down EN pin = “L” to “H” EDLC protection 1 (cell-short) In the case of VOUT pin > 2V and DISCH[1:0]= “11”, VCAP pin >VOUT/2 + 30% or VCAP pin <VOUT/2 - 30% Charge, boost and current source circuits are powered down. EDLC is discharged. Address= “08H”, CAPERROR bit= “1” DISCHSTATUS bit= “1” EN pin = “L” to “H” EDLC protection 2 (VCAP pin open or short to GND) VOUT pin =1.0V~1.5V and VCAP pin < 0.2V Charge, boost and current source circuits are powered down. Discharge working Address= “08H”, CAPERROR bit= “1” DISCHSTATUS bit= “1” EN pin = “L” to “H” EDLC protection 3 (VIN-GND short) VIN pin =0V and VOUT pin >2.5V Charge, boost and current source circuits are powered down. Discharge working VIN pin ≥2.5V then EN pin = “L” to “H” Over Thermal Protection (OTP) Temperature >140°C Charge, boost and current source circuits are powered down. Address= “08H”, OTP bit= “1” EN pin = “L” to “H” LED open protection In case of torch mode, VOUT pin > 1V LED pin < 0.2V Charge, boost and current source circuits are powered down. Address= “08H”, LEDERROR bit= “1” EN pin = “L” to “H” LED-GND short protection In case of charge mode or torch mode, VOUT pin > 1V LED pin < 0.2V Charge, boost and current source circuits are powered down. Address= “08H”, LEDERROR bit= “1” EN pin = “L” to “H” LED thermal protection (Note 7) (refer to next page) In case of LED1 or LED2 or LED3 or LED4= “1”, NTC pin < setting voltage Charge, boost and current source circuits are powered down. Address= “08H”, LEDTHRM bit= “1” EN pin = “L” to “H” VOUT pin-LED pin short Except to charge mode, LED pin >VOUT pin * 0.8 Charge, boost and current source circuits are powered down. Address= “08H”, LEDERROR bit= “1” EN pin = “L” to “H” Current Limit (OCL) (coil current limited) Coil current > current set by LIMIT[1:0] Coil current is maintained by limitation current VOUT-GND short protection In case of VOUT pin < 0.2V Charging current= 200mA Address= “08H”, VOUTDOWN bit= “1” Note 7. The parasitic capacitance of the NTC pin must be below 50pF. * When set EN = “Low” to “High”, all register will be reset.
[AP2071AEN] MS1607-E-00 - 17 - 2014/03 ■ LED Temperature Detection Function The AP2071AEN can detect LED temperature with a NTC thermistor (Negative Temperature Coefficient Thermistor) which is connected to the NTC pin. The current which flows to the NTC thermistor is 35µA. Protection Conditions Device Status Recovering Condition LED1~4 over temperature protection (Note 8) NTC pin voltage < setting voltage (DET[2:0]) All circuits are powered down Address= “08H”, LEDTHRM bit= “1” Set LED1~4= “0” again again Note 8. The parasitic capacitor of NTC pin should be lower 50pF. Example） NTC thermistor： NCP15WM154 (150k @25C、B constant=4582, 1005 size, Murata) NCP15WM224 (220k @25C, B constant=4582, 1005 size, Murata) Formula: R=Ro*exp(B*(1/T-1/To)) (R: The value in the case of ambit temperature T(k)) (K: kelvin) (Ro: The value in the case of ambit temperature To(k)) Detection Voltage (V) @typ Detection Temperature (C) (in the case of using 150kohm) 74 71 69 66 64 62 61 Detection Temperature (C) (in the case of using 220kohm) 84 82 79 76 74 72 70 Resistor (kohm) Temperature (C) In the case of using 150kohm In the case of using 220kohm
[AP2071AEN] MS1607-E-00 - 18 - 2014/03 ■ Typical Performance Characteristics (VIN= 3.7V, Ta= 25 C, with Recommend Parts, inductor: MLP2016H2R2M, Cin=Cout=10µF) 1) Charging Characteristics
[AP2071AEN] MS1607-E-00 - 19 - 2014/03 2) Flashing Characteristics (2A/ch ×4ch) 3) Torching Characteristics Note) EFFI(%) = VOUT(V)×ILED(A) ×100 / (VIN(V)×IIN(A) 0.3V When the EDLC voltage is high, firstly the AP2071 drives LED by EDLC. When EDLC voltage becomes low, the AP2071 driver drive LED from battery. LED ON LED ON
by generating an acknowledge instead of terminating the write cycle after the receipt of the first data word. address counter will “roll over” to 00H and the previous data will be overwritten. The AP2071AEN supports one basic read operation: Random Address Read. AP2071AEN ceases transmission. Figure 13. Random Address Read
Note) The access of Addr “09H” is prohibited. LEDnT0, LEDnT1, LEDnT2: Torch current setting for LEDs that connect to LED1~4. LEDnF0, LEDnF1, LEDnF2, LEDnF3, LEDnF4: Flash current setting for LEDs that connect to LED1~4. Table 1. Torch Mode LED Current Setting (unit: mA) Table 2. Flash Mode LED Current Setting (unit: mA)
Table 3. LED On-time Setting voltage drops until 0.99V*VOUT. Table 4. VOUT pin Voltage Setting The charge current will be 200mA when the VOUT voltage is less than 0.2V. Table 5. Charge Current Setting
*The setting of LIMIT2-0 = “110” or “111” is prohibited. Table 6. Inductor Limit Current Setting Table 7. NTC Detection Voltage Setting
Table 8. Discharge Setting Table 9. Mode Setting
Table 10. Discharging Setting EDLC Protection 1 is invalid.
- Recommended External Circuits
Table 11. Recommend External Parts Example Note 9. All ground should be connected to the same ground plane. Note 10. The inductor should be placed as close as possible to the AP2071AEN. Resistance) capacitors are recommended.
[AP2071AEN] MS1607-E-00 2014/03 - 29 - 12. Package ■ Outline Dimensions 24pin HQFN（unit：mm） 4.0 0.1 4.0 0.1 2.70±0.10 2.７0±0.10 0.10 M Exposed Pad 0.75±0.05 ★) Please connect “Exposed Pad” to ground 0.25 ref 0.45 ref 0.20 ref 2.5 ref C 0.35 0.5 0.40 0.10 0.25 0.05 INDEX AREA 0.00 – 0.05 ■ PCB layout （unit：mm） 2.7 0.30 0.65 0.2 0.50 ■ Marking YWW A (1) XXXX (3) (2) (4) (5) Show No1 pin Product name : “2071” Manufacture year (example: 2013? “3") Manufacture week Administration number （1） （5） （4） （3） （2）
[AP2071AEN] MS1607-E-00 2014/03 - 30 - 13. Revise History Date (YY/MM/DD) Revision Page Contents 14/03/07 00 First edition
[AP2071AEN] MS1607-E-00 2014/03 - 31 - IMPORTANT NOTICE 0. Asahi K asei Microdevices Corporation (“AKM”) reserves the right to make changes to the information contained in this document without notice. When you consider any use or application of AKM product stipulated in this document ( “Product”), please make inquiries the sales office of AKM or authorized distributors as to current status of the Products. 1. All information included in this document are provided only to illustrate the operation and application examples of AKM Products . AKM neither makes warranties or repr esentations with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the information contained in this document nor grants any license to any intellectual property rights or any other rights of AKM or any third party with respect to the information in this document. You are fully responsible for use of such information contained in this document in your product design or applications. AKM ASSUMES NO LIABILITY FOR ANY LOSSES INCURRED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES ARISING FROM THE USE OF SUCH INFORMATION IN YOUR PRODUCT DESIGN OR APPLICATIONS. 2. The Product is neither intended nor warranted for use in equipment or systems that require extraordinarily high levels of quality and/or reliability and/or a malfunction or failure of which may cause loss of human life, bodily injury, serious property damage or serious public impact, including but not limited to, equipment used in nuclear facilities, equipment used in the aerospace industry, medical equipment, equipment used for automobiles, trains, ships and other transportation, t raffic signaling equipment, equipment used to control combustions or explosions, safety devices, elevators and escalators, devices related to electric power, and equipment used in finance -related fields. Do not use Product for the above use unless specifically agreed by AKM in writing. 3. Though AKM works continually to improve the Product’s quality and reliability, you are responsible for complying with safety standards and for providing adequate designs and safeguards for your hardware, software and systems which minimize risk and avoid situations in which a malfunction or failure of the Product could cause loss of human life, bodily injury or damage to property, including data loss or corruption. 4. Do not use or otherwise make available the Product or re lated technology or any information contained in this document for any military purposes, including without limitation, for the design, development, use, stockpiling or manufacturing of nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons or missile technology products (mass destruction weapons). When exporting the Products or related technology or any information contained in this document, you should comply with the applicable export control laws and regulations and follow the procedures required by such laws and regulations. The P roducts and related technology may not be used for or incorporated into any products or systems whose manufacture, use, or sale is prohibited under any applicable domestic or foreign laws or regulations. 5. Please contact AKM sales representative for details as to environmental matters such as the RoHS compatibility of the Product. Please use the Product in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations that regulate the inclusion or use of controlled substances, including without limitation, the EU RoHS Directive. AKM assumes no liability for damages or losses occurring as a result of noncompliance with applicable laws and regulations. 6. Resale of the Product with provisions different from the statement and/or technical features set forth in this document shall immediately void any warranty granted by AKM for the Product and shall not create or extend in any manner whatsoever, any liability of AKM. 7. This document may not be reproduced or duplicated, in any form, in whole or in part, without prior written consent of AKM.