AP1651BEL AKM | Alldatasheet
Document overview
- Manufacturer or author: Provided By ALLDATASHEET.COM(FREE DATASHEET DOWNLOAD SITE)
- PDF pages: 28
Technical content
[AP1651BEL] 014003479-E-01 2014/10 - 1 - 1. Genaral Description The AP1651BEL (hereinafter referred to as the AP1651) is a current mode non-isolated low side buck converter controller IC designed to support an LED general lighting application as a second stage (e.g. after PFC stage). This IC provides "constant ripple control ", featuring the constant peak and bottom current of the inductor which is sensed through low side sense resistors. This control scheme does not depend on either the varying input voltage or the varying forward voltage of the LEDs, allowing the LED current to be obtained with high stability. The AP1651 supports two types of dimming; PWM dimming by pulse input and complex dimming by DC input. Deep dimming down to 1% is achievable by using DC dimming. In addition, the DC dimming has an even deeper dimming function by using an internal linear regulator for the LEDs. This "ultra-dimming" which is supported from 500µA to 100µA is able to provide a new night light application. This IC provides several protection function; over current protection, UVLO, and thermal shutdown for the IC chip. 2. Features Low-side Switching Step-down Converter Current mode - Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) - Linear Regulator Mode (Automatic Mode Selection) Operating V oltage Range VDD = 11V to 26V http://akm.transim.com/ Operating Temperature Ta = - 40 to 105 °C Dimming function - External DC input (Complex Dimming 100% to 1% and Ultra-low current to 0%) - Voltage Input of External Pulse (Dimming by PWM) Protection function: - Over Current Protection for External N-channel Power MOSFET - Under Voltage Lockout Function (UVLO) - CS pin Open Protection - Thermal Shutdown (TSD) Package 14-pin SOP Dimmable LED driver IC for Lighting AP1651BEL
[AP1651BEL] 014003479-E-01 2014/10 - 2 - 3. Table of Contents
- Block Diagram and Functions
Figure 1. Block Diagram internal 5V logic circuit and the VREF pin. regulator is inactivated so that malfunction at low voltage is prevented. RESET Circuit for Power On Reset when UVLO is released. GATE DRIVER Level sifter and Driver for external N-channel power MOSFET. signal is low, both current for charging and outputting (ISrc, ISnk,) are stopped. control (ADIM’) to the internal complex dimming controller. voltage and the ADIM pin voltage at the linear regulator mode. TSD Overheat detection circuit. LEB Output Leading edge blanking logic signal from the GATE DRIVER output.
[AP1651BEL] 014003479-E-01 2014/10 - 4 - 5. Ordering Guide AP1651BEL Ta = -40～105°C 14-pin SOP 6. Pin Configurations and Functions ■ Pin Configurations ■ Functions No. Name I/O Function
1 RC O
Output pin for Internal High Voltage linear Regulator A 500µA LED current is output when VADIM = 1V by connecting an external current sensing resistor (2kΩ±1%) between this pin and the GND. This resistor should be more than 500Ω.
2 CVLY O External Capacitor Pin for Internal Block (Toff GEN Block)
Connect an external 0.01µF ceramic capacitor between this pin and the GND.
3 CPWM O
External Capacitor for Internal PWM generator (Peak+PWM state of Complex Dimming Controller). Connect an external 0.01µF ceramic capacitor between this pin and the GND.
4 VREF O Internal Regulator Output Pin
Connect a 10μF capacitor between this pin and the GND.
5 ADIM I
DC Dimming (Complex dimming) Signal Input Pin Control LED current depending on the input voltage ranged 4 to 0. 2V, and stops the LED current under the condition that the input voltage is less than 0.05V.
6 RVLY I
Hysteresis Width Setting Pin for Inductor The Hysteresis Width is determined by the input voltage to this pin and a resistor connected between the CS pin and the GND.
7 CS I
Inductor Current Detection Pin An Inductor peak current is set by connecting a resistor between this pin and the GND. It also detects an over current and the bottom current of the inductor. This pin is pulled up by a 2µA (typ) internally.
8 GD O Gate Drive Output Pin for External N-channel Power MOSFET
This pin is pulled down by a 100kΩ (typ) resistor internally.
9 GND PWR Ground Pin
10 VDD PWR Power Supply Pin
11 PDIM I
PWM Dimming Signal Input Pin. LEDs can be dimmed by inputting pulse voltage to this pin repeatedly. The output driver is turned off when the GND voltage is input to this pin. This pin is pulled down by a 2MΩ (typ) resistor internally.
13 NC - No Connection Pin
This pin must not connect to anywhere.
14 DRAIN I
Linear Current Regulator Input Pin. Drain pin of the internal high voltage MOSFET for linear regulator. Connect this pin to the cathode of an LED string through a current limit resistor.
[AP1651BEL] 014003479-E-01 2014/10 - 5 - 7. Absolute Maximum Ratings Parameter Symbol min max Unit VDD (Note 1) VDDMAX -0.3 30 V GD (Note 1, Note 2) VOUTMAX -0.3 VDDMAX +0.3 or 30 V VREF (Note 1) VREFMAX -0.3 6.0 V RC, CPWM, CVL Y , RVL Y , PDIM, ADIM, CS (Note 1, Note 3) - -0.3 VREFMAX +0.3 or 6.0 V DRAIN (Note 1) VDRAINMAX -0.3 450 V Power Dissipation (Note 4, Note 5, Note 6) PD - 1000 mW Junction Temperature Tj -40 125 C Storage Temperature TSTG -55 150 C Note 1. All voltages refer to the GND pin (GND) as zero (reference) voltage. Note 2. If VDDMAX exceeds 29.7V , the maximum value is limited to 30V . Note 3. If VREFMAX exceeds 5.7V , the maximum value is limited to 6V . Note 4. This value is decreased by 10mW/°C in the condition that the temperature is over 25°C. Note 5. 100 mm 100 mm, t=1.0mm CEM Single-sided Board. Note 6. Thermal design should be designed in consideration with the calorific value of the internal regulator as well as power supplies. DC-DC mode (ADIM terminal voltage>1.4V): IC Power Dissipation = VDD × IC Consumption electric current 5.5mA + VREF Output [ ( VDD−VREF ) × (−IVREF) ] Linear regulator mode (1.1V>ADIM terminal voltage>0.05V): IC power Dissipation = Internal linear regulator electric power consumption [(VDRAIN−VADIM) ×(VADIM / RC resistor with the outside R2)] + VDD × IC Consumption electric current 2.0mA + VREF Output[ (VDD−VREF) × (−IVREF)] WARNING: The maximum ratings are the absolute limitation values with the possibility of damaging the IC. When operation exceeds these limits, the specifications cannot be guaranteed. 8. Recommended Operating Conditions Parameter Symbol min typ max Unit Operating V oltage Range (Note 7) VDD 11 - 26 V DRAIN (Note 7) VDRAIN - 400 V RC, CPWM, CVLY , RVLY , PDIM, ADIM, CS (Note 7) - GND - VREF V RVLY Pin Voltage (Note 7) VRVLY 1.8 - 4.0 V PDIM Pin Voltage(Note 7) VPDIM GND - VREF V VREF Pin Voltage IVREF - -5 mA Operating Temperature (Note 8) Ta -40 - 105 C Note 7. All voltages refer to GND pin (GND) as zero (reference) voltage. Note 8. In applications that have high power dissipation and/or low thermal conductivity, the maximum value of Ta must be lowered not to exceed the maximum junction temperature.
[AP1651BEL] 014003479-E-01 2014/10 - 6 - 9. Electrical Characteristics (Ta=25°C, VDD=15V , GND=0V , R2=2kΩ(RC), C3=0.01µF (CPWM),C4=0.01µF (CVLY), VRVLY=3.25V , VPDIM= VADIM= VREF, unless otherwise specified. Each current is defined as positive when it is input to the pin, and defined as negative when it is output from the pin.) *Refer to Figure 15 for external devices. 1. Power Consumption Parameter Symbol min typ max Unit Condition Power Consumption IDD1 - 3.0 5.5 mA VCS=0.6V ,VCVL Y=2V , GD-GND=1000pF IDD2 - 1.4 2.0 mA PDIM=0V 2. Control Parameter Symbol min typ max Unit Condition Power Supply V oltage (VDD) UVLO Detect Voltage1 VUVH 9.5 10 10.5 V VDD voltage rising UVLO Detect Voltage2 VUVL 8.0 8.5 9.0 V VDD voltage falling UVLO Hysteresis VUVHYS - 1.5 - V Internal Regulator (VREF) VREF Voltage VREF 4.8 5.0 5.2 V IVREF=0mA VREF Dropout Voltage VDROP - 20 100 mV IVREF=-5mA Mode Select (ADIM) Step down DC-DC Converter Mode VADIM 1.4 - - V Linear Regulator Mode VADIM - - 1.1 V Output is stopped. VADIM - - 0.05 V Full Output VADIM 4.5 - - V ADIM dimmer OFF: 100% output ADIM pin Pull-up Current IADIM 1.6 2.0 2.4 µA DC-DC Converter Mode Peak Sense Voltage(CS) VSEN 0.47 0.5 0.53 V VADIM=VREF Leading Edge Blanking Time TLEB 220 350 430 ns CS=0.6V CVL Y Charge/Discharge Ratio CDR 67 100 133 ISrc/ISnk Maximum off time TOFFMax - 40 48 µs VCVL Y=GND Internal PWM Dimming Frequency FPWM 0.75 1.0 1.25 kHz C3=0.01µF(CPWM-GND) Minimum Duty of the Internal PWM Dimming DMIN 28 5.0 7.5 % VADIM=1.5V Linear Regulator Mode DRAIN Current IDRAIN1 470 500 530 µA VADIM=1.0V,VDRAIN=400V IDRAIN2 94 100 106 µA VADIM=0.2V,VDRAIN=400V DRAIN Off Leak IDRAINOF F - - 1 µA VADIM=0V ,VDRAIN=400V PWM Dimming (PDIM) PDIM Threshold Voltage VPDIM1 - - 0.5 V Disable VPDIM2 1.5 - - V Enable PDIM Pull Down RGD - 1.0 - MΩ Gate Driver GD Pull Down RGD - 100 - kΩ Rise Time Tr - 50 - ns GD connected 1000pF Fall Time Tf - 40 - ns GD connected 1000pF
[AP1651BEL] 014003479-E-01 2014/10 - 7 - 3. Protection Parameter Symbol min typ max Unit Condition CS pin Over Current OCP 0.72 0.8 0.88 V Latch off CS pin Pull-up Current ICS 1.8 2.0 2.2 µA VCS=GND Thermal Shutdown TTSD 130 150 - °C When the temperature rises (Note 9) TSD Hysteresis TTSDHYS - 55 - °C When the temperature falls after thermal shutdown (Note 9) Note 9. These values are design values.
[AP1651BEL] 014003479-E-01 2014/10 - 8 - 10. Functional Descriptions ■ Operation The AP1651 integrates an N-channel power MOSFET controller for a current control type non-isolated buck converter circuit and a high voltage linear regulator , which are suitable for driving LEDs in a series connection. “Step-down DC-DC coveter mode” (hereinafter DC-DC mode) or “linear regulator mode ” can be selected by an external DC voltage. This DC voltage can also control LED dimming in addition to mode selecting, so that a complex dimming that changes operation mode automatically while adjusting the LED output level from the maximum to the minimum is realized. The average current of an inductor is equal to that of LEDs on a non-isolated buck converter because the inductor is directly connected to LEDs during the entire switching cycle. There fore, if the inductor average current is controlled to be constant, the LEDs average current also keeps constant. A hysteresis control mode is a one of control method that keeps the average current of the inductor constant. A stable current characteristic, that has a tolerance to changes of input/output conditions, is provided by this hysteresis control by directly controlling the peak current of the inductor and the difference between the bottom current and peak current (hysteresis width). The AP1651 ado pts a constant ripple current control method of the inductor current, which supplies a constant current in continuous conduction mode (CCM). With this method, the average current on the LEDs connected in series can be kept constant in spite of the possible system variations caused by following reasons: 1) Input voltage change 2) Change in the number of LEDs connected in series 3) Variation in LED forward voltages (VF) of the LEDs 4) Change in LED forward voltages caused by temperature variation. 5) Inductor value variation In order to obtain the constant ripple current control, the peak current and hysteresis width need to be determined properly , and then the coil inductance value should be determined by input/output voltage conditions and a switching fre quency range. Off time is set by hysteresis width control automatically. In addition, a stable operation can be achieved without loop compensation even when the switching duty exceeds 50%, providing a simplified circuit design with the AP1651. Dimming by the ADIM pin controls the LED current automatically from 100% to 1% and also from 500uA to 100uA by changing 3 modes which are called “peak current control mode”, “peak current control with PWM dimming mode” and “linear regulator mode”. These modes can be switched by the ADIM pin voltage. “Peak current control mode”: The average current is controlled by changing peak current under constant ripple control. Since the constant ripple control needs to detect the peak and bottom current of the inductor, the peak current cannot be less than the ripple amplitude (the average current should be more than 1/2 of the ripple amplitude). The AP1651 automatically sets the lower limit of the peak current control, and if the current goes down below, it operates in “peak current control with PWM dimming mode”. “Peak current control with PWM dimming mode”: The average current is controlled by using both peak current control and internal PWM method under the constant ripple control. These 2 modes described above can control the average current seamlessly from 100% to 1%. “Linear regulator mode”: When the ADIM pin voltage is at VADIM2(0.2 to 1.0V), AP1651 stops the switching operation of the external N -channel power MOSFET and the LED current is controlled by the DRAIN pin using the internal constant current source. This mode is suitable for tiny current applications such as a night light. AP1651 also supports the PWM dimming. When the ADIM pin voltage is higher than the peak current control mode, the LED average current is controlled by the external N channel power MOSFET intermittent switching operation which is synchronizing with the pulse input from the PDIM pin.
Figure 3. Bottom current control by the CVLY pin voltage GD pin is ON, the charge and discharge currents on the CVL Y pin are balanced in a stable state. When the GD pin turns ON, the CS pin voltage generated by the current and the resistor (R 6) is detected. and R6 is approximated by the following equation. In this case, IL1peak is a desired peak current. R6 is calculated by the following equation. described by VSEN and VCSHYS as follows regarding equation (2), (4) and (6).
frequency is changed by these changes. range, L1 and ΔIL1 need to be configured properly.
24 Series connected LEDs
Figure 4. Examples of Switching Frequency Change by Input Voltage and Number of LEDs Switching frequency FSW is approximately given by the following expression. deciding each one of the value. capacitor are large when the M1 is turned ON.
Figure 8. Complex Dimming by DC input (ADIM pin) average current goes down by decreasing the peak current under constant hysteresis width control.
- The average current is adjustable from 100% to 1% by changing the ADIM pin voltage in the range of VADIM3 (VREF to 1.5V).
- There is an invariable zone between 1.5V to 1V of the ADIM pin voltage where the average current cannot be changed at all.
- When the ADIM pin voltage is less than 1V , “ linear regulator mode ” starts. In this mode the switch ing operation stops (external N-channel power MOSFET is always off), and an internal c onstant current source connected to the DRAIN pin is active instead. The LED current can be dimmed from approximately 500µA to 100µA by tuning the ADIM pin voltage between 1V(typ) and 0.2V(typ).
- If the ADIM pin voltage is less than 0.05V, the operation mode is changed from the constant current source mode to LED current off mode in which the LED turns OFF.
- Operation of the PWM dimming in Peak + PWM state is the same as PWM dimming by the PDIM pin mentioned in the next paragraph except using an internal triangle waves.
Figure 10. PWM Dimming Waveform proportional to the PWM pulse duty is available by inputting PWM pulse to the PDIM pin repeatedly. approximately calculated by the following expression.
period (TLEB) following a power-up of the external N-channel power MOSFET. the VREF pin depending on the ADIM dimming. Table 1. Protection Function List Note 10. Values in this table are typical or design values. Refer to the “Electrical Characteristics” for details. least 10ms (in the case of the capacitor connected to the VREF pin is 1µF). maximum current of the internal regulator to 12mA (design value). temperature drops to the level below the hysteresis temperature TTSDHYS (55°C in design value).
- Recommended External Circuits
Figure 15. AP1651 External Circuit Example Table 2. Recommended Parts List (200VDC Input, 90V-700mA Output)
[AP1651BEL] 014003479-E-01 2014/10 - 21 - 13. Calculation for External Circuit Constants Expressions here are based on a condition that assumes the LED current is 700mA, the Power Supply is 200V, the Vf for LED is 90V and the Operation frequency is 70kHz. RVLY pin Setting (R4, R5) VRVLY has a range of 1.8V ~ 4.0V and normally operates at 3.5V. The hysteresis width of the CS pin (VCSHYS) is determined by equation (17) using equation (4). [V] …(4) …(17) And then, the hysteresis width ratio is determined by equation (18) using equation (7). …(18) VRRLY is determined by a resistor divider at the VREF pin. …(19) Connect a 0.01µF capacitor (C6) between the RVLY pin and the VREF pin to stabilize VRVLY. CS pin Setting (R6) R6 is determined by equation (20) using equation (6). …(20) The maximum peak current of the coil (except the spike noise when switching), the N-channel power MOSFET and a regenerative diode are equal to IL1peak and it is determined by equation (21) using equation (5). [A] …(21) Coil Inductance (L1) As mentioned in “2) Switching Frequency”, the inductance value of the coil is determined by input/output voltage conditions and switching frequency [Fsw]. However, the setting calculations for the RVLY pin and the CS pin do not include group delay of the circuit. For example, ΔIL1 does not include group delay but TON includes group delay in equation (10). Therefore, a TON value without group delay must be calculated to determine the coil inductance by equation (10). Figure 22 shows a detailed time waveform of the GD pin voltage, the CS pin voltage and the coil current, which is shown in Figure 2, with group delay. 772.06478.0 5.0 R 5.0I peak_1L ][6478.0]mA[700 ]mV[15.93]mV[500 I VV R Ave_1L CSHYS SEN 6 ]V[5.3]k[91]k[39 ]k[9155R4R 5RVV REFRVLY [%]54.20 5.009315.0 5.0 V V I I CSHYS SENAve_1L 1L ]V[09315.00621.0)5.35(0621.0)VV(V RVLYREFCSHYS RVLYREFCSHYS VV0621.0V
Figure 22. Time Waveform with Group Delay In Figure 22, Tdr indicates group delay from a rising of the GD pin voltage to a falling of the A2 comparator. Tdf indicates group delay from a peak current detection of the CS pin to a falling of the GD pin voltage. approximately determined by following expressions. Table 3. Group Delay is determined by equation (9’) in consideration of group delay. Calculation for TON’ and inductance value L1 from equation (9’), (10) and (4) are described as bellow. it is necessary for heat radiation.
[AP1651BEL] 014003479-E-01 2014/10 - 23 - Regenerative Diode Select (D2) Use a regenerative diode that has a breakdown voltage which is more than input voltage and an allowable current which is more than the maximum peak current IL1Peak. A diode that has a short recovery time has high efficiency and is effective for reducing noises. Connect a heat sink if it is necessary for heat radiation. Bottom Limit Value of Inductance (L1) in “Peak + PWM” Operation by the ADIM pin “Charging Period Tchg×101 > Discharging Period Tdis” must be satisfied to keep a steady state of the CVLY voltage. If the charging period is shorter than this, LED current may be short to the setting value. Especially the bottom limit detection voltage will be in a lowest level if the ADIM pin voltage is 1.5V≤VADIM≤ADIM’. The inductance and input/output voltage conditions should be determined carefully to ensure an enough charging time. Therefore the coil inductance value (L1) must satisfy the formula below when using the complex dimming by the ADIM pin. This inductance should be determined in consideration of the variation in characteristics and temperature characteristics of the coil and LEDs. [H] …(24) [V] …(25) R6 indicates the resistor (Ω) between the CS pin and the GND, Vin,MAX indicates the maximum input voltage (V) of when the AP1651 is in operation, Vout,MIN indicates the minimum output voltage (V) of when the AP1651 is in operation and VCSHYS indicates the hysteresis width (V) that is detected by the CS pin. The minimum necessary inductance value is described as shown below. 1 1080.1093.0294.3 [H] …(26) Check if this value satisfies equation (23). …(27) Formula (27) proves that the inductance value calculated by equation (23) can be used in all states of complex dimming by the ADIM pin. On the other hand, if the inductance value does not satisfy formula (27), the ADIM pin operation in “Peak” state works normally when the ADIM voltage satisfies the expression below. [V] …(28) The LED current of the “Peak” state with the ADIM pin voltage that satisfies formula (28) is approximately calculated as below. V 1I CSHYS ADIM LED [A] …(29) In this case, VADIM satisfies “4V≥VADIM≥VADIM,MIN”. For example, if the coil inductance L1 is 1.5mH (which does not satisfy formula (27)), VADIM,MIN becomes as shown below. 53.22093.004.4105.1 90200648.01024.3 3 MINADIMV [V] …(30) In this case, the LED current ILED is determined as shown below. 1331093.02 53.2 648.02 1 [mA] …(31) Therefore, the ADIM pin voltage can be set in a range of 0V to 1V or 2.53V to VREF. CSHYS MINoutMAXin VVbtm VVRL 1 1081 )25.( )23.( 204.41024.3 CSHYS MINoutMAXin MINADIM VL VVRV 1008 175.0876.0 RVLYVVbtm
In addition, when the switching frequency is high, please take care of heat of external MOSFET. Table 4. At Input Voltage DC400V Table 5. At Input Voltage DC200V
[AP1651BEL] 014003479-E-01 2014/10 - 25 - 14. Package ■ Outline Dimensions ・14-pin SOP [Unit: mm] ■ Recommended Pad Dimensions
[AP1651BEL] 014003479-E-01 2014/10 - 26 - ■ Marking Upper Product name：AP1651B Lower Date code: 7 digits 2 digits (Last 2 digits of year) +2 digits (weekly code) + 3 digits (production code) AP1651B X 1 X 2 X 3 X 4 X 5 X 6 X 7
[AP1651BEL] 014003479-E-01 2014/10 - 27 - 15. Revision History Date (Y/M/D) Revision Page Contents 14/6/25 00 First edition 14/10/30 01 4 Correct ADIM range value from 4V~0.125V to 4 to 0.2V.
6 Add min/max values into ADIM pin Pull-up Current
8 Correct VADIM2 voltage range of Linear regulator mode from
14 Correct VADIM value from 0.125 to 0.05V in Figure.8 14 Correct VADIM3 voltage range from “4V to 1.5V” to “VREF to 1.5V”.
14 Correct the sentence
When the ADIM pin voltage is less than V ADIM2(0.13 to 1V), When the ADIM pin voltage is less than 1V , If the ADIM pin voltage is less than 0.1V(V ADIM1), If the ADIM pin voltage is less than 0.05V,
[AP1651BEL] 014003479-E-01 2014/10 - 28 - IMPORTANT NOTICE 0. Asahi Kasei Microdevices Corporation (“AKM”) reserves the right to make changes to the information contained in this document without notice. When you consider any use or application of AKM product stipulated in this document ( “Product”), please make inquiries the sales office of AKM or authorized distributors as to current status of the Products. 1. All information included in this document are provided only to illustrate the operation and application examples of AKM Products . AKM neither makes warranties or representations with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the information contained in this document nor grants any license to any intellectual property rights or any other rights of AKM or any third party with respect to the information in this document. You are fully responsible for use of such information contained in this document in your product design or applications . AKM ASSUMES NO LIABILITY FOR ANY LOSSES INCURRED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES ARISING FROM THE USE OF SUCH INFORMATION IN YOUR PRODUCT DESIGN OR APPLICATIONS. 2. The Product is neither intended nor warranted for use in equipment or systems that require extraordinarily high levels of quality and/or reliability and/or a malfunction or failure of which may cause loss of human life, bodily injury, serious property damage or serious public impact , including but not limited to, equipment used in nuclear facilities, equipment used in the aerospace industry, medical equipment, equipment used for automobiles, trains, ships and other transportation, traffic signaling equipment, equipment used to control combustions or explosions, safety devices, elevators and escalators, devices related to electric power, and equipment used in finance-related fields. Do not use Product for the above use unless specifically agreed by AKM in writing. 3. Though AKM works continually to improve the Product’s quality and reliability, you are responsible for complying with safety standards and for providing adequate designs and safeguards for your hardware, software and systems which minimize risk and avoid situations in which a malfunction or failure of the Product could cause loss of human life, bodily injury or damage to property, including data loss or corruption. 4. Do not use or otherwise make available the Product or related technology or any information contained in this document for any military purposes, including without limitation, for the design, development, use, stockpiling or manufacturing of nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons or missile technology products (mass destruction weapons). When exporting the Products or related technology or any information contained in this document, you should comply with the applicable export control laws and regulations and follow the procedures required by such laws and regulations. The P roducts and related technology may not be used for or incorporated into any products or systems whose manufacture, use, or sale is prohibited under any applicable domestic or foreign laws or regulations. 5. Please contact AKM sales representative for details as to environmental matters such as the RoHS compatibility of the Product. Please use the Product in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations that regulate the inclusion or use of controlled substances, including without limitation, the EU RoHS Directive. AKM assumes no liability for damages or losses occurring as a result of noncompliance with applicable laws and regulations. 6. Resale of the Product wi th provisions different from the statement and/or technical features set forth in this document shall immediately void any warranty granted by AKM for the Product and shall not create or extend in any manner whatsoever, any liability of AKM. 7. This document may not be reproduced or duplicated, in any form, in whole or in part, without prior written consent of AKM.