R1801K003A

R1801K NISSHINBO | Alldatasheet

Document overview

• Manufacturer or author: Provided By alldatasheet.com(free datasheet download site)
• PDF pages: 22

Technical content

Buck DC/DC Converter for Energy Harvester with Adjustable Maximum Power Point Control, Adjustable Output Voltage and PG Function No. EA-422-250704 R1801K is a power -storing buck DC/DC converter for a photovoltaic and vibration energy harvester. The Power Good (PG) function can output PG signal according to the output voltage facilitating to build a system. A low operating quiescent current allows a harvester to be used under a low-illumination environment, and it is suitable for an equipment with low power supplied from a harvester.

• Providing a low power supply (IQ 200 nA) and a high efficiency (approximately 80%@10 µA).
• Monitoring the output voltage to output Power Good (PG) signal.
• Adjustable the output voltage and maximum power point control voltage in 100 mV step by the setting pins.
• Input Voltage Range: 2.3 V to 5.5 V
• Output Voltage Range: 2.3 V to 4.5 V
• Maximum Power Point Control Voltage Range :2.7 V to 5.3 V
• Output Voltage Accuracy: ± 3.0%
• Operating Quiescent Current: Typ. 200 nA (Ta =25°C, at no load) under condition of VIN = 4 V, VOUT = 3.0 V
• Starting Power: 1 µW (VIN = 4 V, VOUT = 3.0 V)
• Reverse Current Protection (VIN ≥ 2.0 V)
• Adjustable Maximum Power Point Control, Adjustable Output Voltage
• Power Good Function Efficiency vs. Output Current VOUT = 3.0 V
• Energy harvesting module of a photovoltaic and vibration energy harvester L = 22 µH, CIN = 10 µF, COUT = 47 µF Product Name Package Quantity per Reel R1801KxxxA-TR DFN(PL)2730-12 5,000 pcs xxx: Select the ideal combination of the set output voltage (VSET) and the set maximum power point control voltage (VMPSET) from the code number starting from 001. 100 0.1 1 10 100 1000 効率 [%] Iout [μA] Vin= 4 V Vin= 4.5 V OVERVIEW KEY BENEFITS KEY SPECIFICATIONS TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS TYPICAL APPLICATION DFN(PL)2730-12 3.0 mm x 2.7 mm x 0.6 mm PACKAGE SELECTION GUIDE Efficiency APPLICATION

No. EA-422-250704 SELECTION GUIDE The set output voltage and the set maximum power point control voltage are user-selectable options. Selection Guide Product Name Package Quantity per Reel Pb Free Halogen Free R1801KxxxA-TR DFN(PL)2730-12 5,000 pcs Yes Yes xxx: Select the ideal combination of the set output voltage (V SET) and the set maximum power point control voltage (VMPSET) from the code number starting from 001. Refer to CODE LIST for lineup. When use the PG function, put the VSET voltage 2.5 V or higher. It is recommended to set as VMPSET ≥ VSET + 0.5 V. BLOCK DIAGRAM LX VFB VIN VIN AGND VMP VMP VMP PGND PGND PG VSET VSET VSET VIN VIN AGND AGND VIN VFB AGND PGND VFB VIN VFB_ CMP VREF VREF Ontime Generator Vin_DIV VFB_DIV VREF VFB_DIV Vref VIN VFB VREF VFB Reverse Current Protection VFB VFB R1801K Block Diagram

No. EA-422-250704 PIN DESCRIPTION DFN(PL)2730-12 Pin Description Pin No. Symbol Description

1 AGND Analog Ground Pin

2 VMP1 Maximum Power Point Control Voltage Adjustment Pin 1

3 VMP2 Maximum Power Point Control Voltage Adjustment Pin 2

4 VMP3 Maximum Power Point Control Voltage Adjustment Pin 3

5 VSET1 Output Voltage Adjustment Pin 1

6 VSET2 Output Voltage Adjustment Pin 2

7 VSET3 Output Voltage Adjustment Pin 3

8 PG Power Good Pin

9 VFB Output Voltage Pin

10 PGND Power Ground Pin

11 LX DC/DC Switching Pin

12 VIN Pin for Connecting Photovoltaic Element

DFN (PL) 2730-12 Pin Configuration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 12 11 10 9 8 7 (1) 6 5 4 3 2 1 (1) The tab on the bottom of the package enhances thermal performance and is electrically connected to GND (substrate level). It is recommended that the tab be connected to the ground plane on the board, or otherwise be left floating.

No. EA-422-250704 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS Absolute Maximum Ratings Symbol Parameter Rating Unit VIN VIN Pin Voltage −0.3 to 6.5 V VLX LX Pin Voltage −0.3 to VIN + 0.3 V VVFB VFB Pin Voltage −0.3 to 6.5 V VVMP1 VMP1 Pin Voltage −0.3 to 6.5 V VVMP2 VMP2 Pin Voltage −0.3 to 6.5 V VVMP3 VMP3 Pin Voltage −0.3 to 6.5 V VVSET1 VSET1 Pin Voltage −0.3 to 6.5 V VVSET2 VSET2 Pin Voltage −0.3 to 6.5 V VVSET3 VSET3 Pin Voltage −0.3 to 6.5 V VPG Power Good Pin −0.3 to 6.5 V PD Power Dissipation Refer to Appendix“POWER DISSIPATION” Tj Junction Temperature Range −40 to 85 C Tstg Storage Temperature Range −55 to 125 C ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS Electronic and mechanical stress momentarily exceeded absolute maximum ratings may cause permanent damage and may degrade the lifetime and safety for both device and system using the device in the field. The functional operation at or over these absolute maximum ratings is not assured. RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS Recommended Operating Conditions Symbol Parameter Rating Unit VIN Input Voltage 2.3 to 5.5 V Ta Operating Temperature Range −40 to 85 °C RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS All of electronic equipment should be designed that the mounted semiconductor devices operate within the recommended operating conditions. The semiconductor devices cannot operate normally over the recommended operating conditions, even if they are used ov er such conditions by momentary electronic noise or surge. And the semiconductor devices may receive serious damage when they continue to operate over the recommended operating conditions.

No. EA-422-250704

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS

The specifications surrounded by are guaranteed by design engineering at −40°C ≤ Ta ≤ 85°C. Symbol Parameter Condition Min. Typ. Max. Unit VOUT Output Voltage VIN ≥ VSET + 0.5 V, VVSET1~3 = ”L”, at no load VSET x0.97 VSET x1.03 V VIN ≥ VSET + 0.5 V, VVSET1~3 ≠ ”L”, at no load VSET x0.96 VSET x1.04 IQ Operating Quiescent Current VIN = 5.0 V, VVFB = 3.0 V, device not switching VFB pin current is converted by VIN current 200 420 nA VMP* Accuracy of Maximum Power Point Control Voltage VVFB = 0 V VMP* -200 VMP* +200 mV VPGH PG”H” Detection Voltage VIN = 5.5 V, VFB rising VOUT x0.845 Vout ×0.9 VOUT x0.955 V VPGL PG”L” Detection Voltage VIN = 5.5 V, VFB falling 1.8 1.9 2.19 V IVMP1 to 3 VMP1 to 3 Pin ”H”/”L”Leakage Current VIN = 5.5V, VVMP1 to 3 = 5.5 V / 0 V 0.1 uA IVSET1 to 3 VSET1 to 3 Pin ”H”/”L” Leakage Current VIN = 5.5 V, VVSET1 to 3 = 5.5 V / 0 V 0.1 uA ILEAK Output Driver ”H”/”L” Leakage Current VIN = 5.5 V, VLX = 5.5 V / 0 V 0.1 uA All test items listed under Electrical Characteristics are done under the pulse load condition (Tj ≈ Ta = 25°C). Test circuit is operated with “Open Loop Control” (GND = 0 V), unless otherwise specified. * The Accuracy of Maximum Power Point Control Voltage also includes an externally set voltage.

No. EA-422-250704 TYPICAL APPLICATION CIRCUIT AGND VSET2 R1801K VMP3 VSET1 VMP1 VMP2 VIN VSET3 VFB PG LX PGND CIN 光発電素子 COUT VOUT L AGND VSET2 R1801K VMP3 VSET1 VMP1 VMP2 VIN VSET3 VFB PG LX PGND CIN COUT VOUT L 振動発電素子 R1801K Typical Application Circuit Photovoltaic Element Vibration Energy Harvester

No. EA-422-250704 AGND VSET2 R1801K VMP3 VSET1 VMP1 VMP2 VIN VSET3 VFB PG LX PGND CIN 光発電素子 COUT VOUT L R1801K Typical application circuit when external function is noused Recommended External Components Symbol Descriptions CIN Ceramic Capacitor 10 µF or higher COUT Ceramic Capacitor 47 µF or higher, or Ceramic Capacitor 10 µF or higher and Large-capacity Electrical Storage Device L Inductor 22 µH Recommended Large-capacity Electrical Storage Devices Manufacturer Product Part # Capacity Type Notes TDK CeraCharge™ BCT1812M101AG 100 µAh All-solid-state Li-ion CeraCharge™ is a trademark of TDK Nichicon SLB series SLB03070LR35 350 µAh Li-ion NGK EnerCera® ET1210C-R ET2016C-R ET271704P-H 5 mAh 25 mAh 5 mAh Li-ion EnerCera® is a trademark of NGK (Note) When capacitance value of ceramic capacitor is small, output ripple becomes large, then the output ripple may excess the voltage rating of storage battery or subsequent devices. While considering ESR of storage battery, adjust values of set voltage and ceramic capacitor as not exceeding the voltage rating. Adjust ceramic capacitor and output ripple values referencing the formula below. output ripple voltage[V] = 0.45[uC] ÷ C[uF](ceramic capacitor effective capacitance value) Photovoltaic Element

No. EA-422-250704 TECHNICAL NOTES The performance of a power source circuit using this device is highly dependent on a peripheral circuit. A peripheral component or the device mounted on PCB should not exceed a rated voltage, a rated current or a rated power. When designing a peripheral circuit, please be fully aware of the following points.

• Use a ceramic capacitor with a lower equivalent series resistance (ESR). A capacitor of 10 µF or higher for CIN between VIN and GND pins is recommended. A ceramic capacitor of 47 µF or higher, or a ceramic capacitor of 10 μF or higher and a large -capacity storage device is recommended for C OUT. Stable operation is guaranteed if the capacitor is above the recommended capacitance value without bias in the operating temperature range. Care must be taken with insulation resistance. Capacitors with low insulation resistance increase leakage current and are not recommended for systems. (Refer to Measurement Components for Typical Characteristics in the datasheet)
• It is recommended that the inductor has a rated current (400mA or more), equivalent series resistance, and DC superimposition characteristics that are equal to or higher than spec used when measuring the typical characteristic in the datasheet. If the equivalent series resistance is large or the DC superimposition characteristics are poor, the efficiency will inefficient, additionally note that if the rating is too low, the inductor may be damaged.
• When an intermediate voltage other than VIN or GND is input to the VMP1 to 3 and VSET1 to 3 pins, the supply current may increase due to the cross-conduction current of the IC internal logic circuit. When the VMP1 to 3 and VSET1 to 3 pins are open, the maximum power point control voltage and VSET voltage may vary. When using the IC, connect the VMP1 to 3 and VSET1 to 3 pins to “VIN” or “GND”.

No. EA-422-250704 THEORY OF OPERATION BUCK CONVERTER OPERATION The basic buck DC / DC converter operation is illustrated in the following figures. The buck DC / DC converter charges energy in the inductor when the high -side transistor turns ON , and discharges the energy from the inductor when the high-side transistor turns OFF and controls with less energy loss, so that a lower output voltage (VOUT) than the input voltage (VIN) is obtained. VIN High Side Tr. VOUT COUT L IOUT tONHS tOFFHS tONLS ILMIN ILMAX IL i1 i2 Basic Circuit Current through Inductor Step1. The high -side transistor turns on, I L = i1 flows, the inductor is charged with energy, and C OUT is charged to supply the output current (I OUT). At this moment, IL = i1 increases from IL = ILMIN = 0 in proportion to the ON time of the high -side transistor (tONHS), and reaches the maximum value of the current flowing through the inductor (ILMAX). Step2. When the high-side transistor turns OFF, the inductor flows current IL = i2 from the diode to maintain IL = ILMAX. Step3. IL = i2 decreases gradually, after the ON time of the low-side transistor (tONLS), becomes IL = ILMIN = 0.

No. EA-422-250704 ADJUSTABLE MAXIMUM POWER POINT CONTROL / OUTPUT VOLTAGE When the pin voltage of VMP1 to 3 and VSET1 to 3 is “H”, the maximum power voltage and VSET voltage are adjustable externally. 1 corresponds to -100 mV, 2 corresponds to -200 mV and 3 corresponds to +300 mV, and Typ. ± 300 mV is adjustable. However, setting all bits to “H” is a prohibited. Due to the circuit configuration, the “H” / “L” level threshold voltage of each pin depends on the input voltage. When setting to “H” voltage, pull up both of VMP / VSET to the input voltage. When setting to "L" voltage, short it to GND. All adjustment pins should not be OPEN, use them as “H” / “L” levels. Regulated Voltage Logic Table of Maximum Power Point Control Voltage Regulated Voltage VMP1 VMP2 VMP3 - 300 mV H H L - 200 mV L H L - 100 mV H L L 0 mV L L L 100 mV L H H 200 mV H L H 300 mV L L H Prohibited H H H Regulated Voltage Logic Table of Output Voltage Regulated Voltage VSET1 VSET2 VSET3 - 300 mV H H L - 200 mV L H L - 100 mV H L L 0 mV L L L 100 mV L H H 200 mV H L H 300 mV L L H Prohibited H H H

No. EA-422-250704 MAXIMUM POWER POINT CONTROL V (V) Time Time 入力電圧 VIN 出力電圧 VOUT (=VFB) VMP 出力電圧設定値 太陽電池開放電圧付近 スイッチングによるCOUTへの電荷転送区間 太陽電池によるCINチャージ区間 R1801K transfers power to COUT at maximum power voltage (VMP), which is the operating point of the maximum amount of power generation of a solar cell. After R1801K receives power from the solar cell, the input voltage increases and when it reaches the VMP, a switching starts and the R1801K transfers power to COUT. When a power transfer amount exceeds the supplied power from the solar cell, the input voltage decreases by the switching. When the VIN drops below the VMP voltage, the next switching is stopped, the CIN is charged by the solar cell, and the VIN rises. When VIN reaches the VMP voltage, it transfers power to Cout again. When the input voltage reaches the VMP again, the R1801K transfers power to COUT. By repeating this operation enables transferring power to COUT while maintaining the operating point of the maximum amount of power generation of the solar cell. OPERATION IN STABLE STATE VOUT Time Output Voltage Waveforms Near the Set Voltage This section explains the R1801K’s operation when the output voltage rises to the set voltage When the output voltage exceeds the set voltage, the R1801K stops switching even if the VIN voltage exceeds the VMP voltage. After that, switching resumes when the output voltage decreases below the VOUT voltage due to the load etc. R1801K repeats the above operation to keep the output voltage at the set voltage. Input voltage VIN Output voltage VOUT (=VFB) Intervals of CIN charge by solar cell Vicinity of the cell release voltage Set output voltage Intervals of the charge transfer to COUT by switching

No. EA-422-250704 POWER GOOD (PG) FUNCTION When switching starts and the VOUT voltage exceeds the PG “H” voltage (VOUT × 90%), after 4 ms (Typ.), the "H" signal is output from the PG pin. The output status can be determined by the PG pin voltage, enabling sequence control. Once the PG pin voltage has risen, the "L" signal is not output until the VOUT voltage decreases below 1.9 V (Typ.) or lower regardless of whether VIN is supplied or not. During the period of PG = "H", the same voltage as the VOUT voltage is output. For example, in a system that operates intermittently several times a day, if a large-capacity storage device is connected to the COUT, if the VOUT voltage is 1.9 V, the PG will continue to hold the H voltage even if the V IN disappears. However, in order to output a "H" signal again after detecting "L" once, it is necessary to supply voltage to the VIN pin. Also, in order to secure the minimum operating voltage of the PG function, set the VSET voltage to 2.5 V or higher when using the PG function. VMP VIN VOUT VSET VPGH PG VOUT>VPGH VOUT=1.9V(Typ.) Time Photovoltaic element No LightWith Light VPGL PG H Detect Delay 4ms(Typ.) PG L Detect Delay 13ms(Typ.) VPG=VOUT Sequence of PG function

No. EA-422-250704 REVERSE CURRENT PROTECTION The R1801K has a reverse current protection to prevent the electric charge stored in the C OUT or the large- capacity power storage device connected to the VFB pin from flowing back to the IC even if the light irradiation when the solar cell is cut off. This keeps the charge stored in the C OUT and large-capacity power storage devices for a long time. When the light is cut off, the charge stored in the CIN is consumed as the supply current to the IC, and the input voltage VIN slowly drops. When the input voltage becomes lower than the output voltage V OUT, the reverse current protection works, so even if V IN ≤ VOUT, the charge stored in the C OUT or the large -capacity power storage device does not flow back to the IC side. An input voltage of 2 V or higher is required for the reverse current protection to operate. When the input voltage drops below 2 V, the reverse current protection is canceled and the charge on the output side flows back to the input side through the IC. If VIN ≥ 2V, the reverse current protection will work again. Normally, the backflow of charge from the output to the input is completed in a short time, and the input voltage rises to near the output voltage. By repeating this, the input voltage and output voltage will decrease. Due to variations in the reverse current protection detection threshold, here is a possibility to be detected as the reverse status even when VIN = VOUT. It is recommended to set as VMPSET ≥ VSET + 0.5 V. Reverse Protection Input Voltage VIN Output Voltage VOUT Time Time VMP No Light

No. EA-422-250704

APPLICATION INFORMATION

Product Name VSET （VSET1~3=”L”） [V] VMP （VMP1~3=”L”） [V] R1801K001A 2.8 3.7 R1801K002A 2.8 4.1 R1801K003A 3.5 4.1 R1801K004A 2.8 4.5 R1801K005A 3.5 4.5 R1801K006A 2.6 3.1 R1801K007A 2.8 4.9 R1801K008A 3.5 4.9 * Please contact us for other than code listed above. PCB LAYOUT R1801K Top Layer Bottom Layer

No. EA-422-250704 TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS Note: Typical Characteristics are intended to be used as reference data; they are not guaranteed. 1) Efficiency vs. Output Current 2) Quiescent Current vs. Temperature VSET = 2.8 V VIN = 5.0 V, VFB = 3.0 V 3) Output Voltage vs. Output Current 4) Minimum Starting Power VSET = 2.8 V VSET = 3.3 V, IIN = 222 nA 5) Start with Power Generation Element Using R1801K003A, Power Generation Element= AM-1801 VMP = 4.0 V, VSET = 3.3 V 100 0.1 1 10 100 1000 Efficiency [%] Output Current [μA] VIN=3.5V VIN=4.0V VIN=4.5V 100 150 200 250 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 Quiescent Current IQ [nA] Temperature Ta [°C] 2.68 2.7 2.72 2.74 2.76 2.78 2.8 2.82 2.84 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Output Voltage [V] Output Current [μA] VIN=3.5V VIN=4.0V VIN=4.5V 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Input , Output Voltage [V] Time [s] VIN[V] VOUT[V]

No. EA-422-250704 Test Circuit and Components for Measurement AGND VSET2 R1801K VMP3 VSET1 VMP1 VMP2 VIN VSET3 VFB PG LX PGND CIN COUT Load L Test Circuit for Typical Characteristics 1) to 4) Measurement Components for Typical Characteristics Symbol Specification Manufacturer Parts number CIN 10μF TDK C1608X5R1E106M COUT 47μF TDK C3216X6S1A476M160AC L 22μH TDK VLS201612CX-220M

No. EA-422-250704 AGND VSET2 R1801K VMP3 VSET1 VMP1 VMP2 VIN VSET3 VFB PG LX PGND CIN 光発電素子 Load L COUT Test Circuit for Typical Characteristics 5) (When connecting to photovoltaic element, large-capacity capacitor) Measurement Components for Typical Characteristics Symbol Specification Manufacturer Parts number Photovoltaic Element Open Circuit Voltage 5.0V (at White Fluorescent Lighting 200lx) Panasonic AM-1801 CIN 10μF TDK C1608X5R1E106M COUT *1 1mF Rubycon 10ZLH1000MEFC8X16 L 22μH TDK VLS201612CX-220M *1 Used as an alternative of a large-capacity electrical storage device. Photovoltaic Element

POWER DISSIPATION DFN(PL)2730-12 PD-DFN(PL)2730-12-(8585)-JE-C i The power dissipation of the package is dependent on PCB material, layout, and environmental conditions. The following measurement conditions are based on JEDEC STD. 51. Measurement Conditions Item Measurement Conditions Environment Mounting on Board (Wind Velocity = 0 m/s) Board Material Glass Cloth Epoxy Plastic (Four-Layer Board) Board Dimensions 76.2 mm × 114.3 mm × 0.8 mm Copper Ratio Outer Layer (First Layer): Less than 95% of 50 mm Square Inner Layers (Second and Third Layers): Approx. 100% of 50 mm Square Outer Layer (Fourth Layer): Approx. 100% of 50 mm Square Through-holes  0.3 mm × 32 pcs Measurement Result (Ta = 25°C, Tjmax = 85°C) Item Measurement Result Power Dissipation 1850 mW Thermal Resistance (ja) ja = 32°C/W Thermal Characterization Parameter (ψjt) ψjt = 8°C/W ja: Junction-to-Ambient Thermal Resistance ψjt: Junction-to-Top Thermal Characterization Parameter Power Dissipation vs. Ambient Temperature Measurement Board Pattern 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 20 40 60 80 Power Dissipation (mW) Ambient Temperature (°C) 1850

PACKAGE DIMENSIONS DFN(PL)2730-12 DM-DFN(PL)2730-12-JE-B i DFN(PL)2730-12 Package Dimensions (Unit: mm)

i : Product Code … Refer to Part Marking List : Lot Number … Alphanumeric Serial Number DFN(PL)2730-12 Part Markings NOTICE There can be variation in the marking when different AOI (Automated Optical Inspection) equipment is used. In the case of recognizing the marking characteristic with AOI, please contact our sales or distributor before attempting to use AOI.

Product Name     R1801K001A JA 0 1 R1801K002A JA 0 2 R1801K003A JA 0 3 R1801K004A JA 0 4 R1801K005A JA 0 5 R1801K006A JA 0 6 R1801K007A JA 0 7 R1801K008A JA08

1. T he products and the product specifications described in this document are subject to change or discontinuation of production without notice for reasons such as improvement. Therefore, before deciding to use the products, please refer to our sales representatives for the latest information thereon. 2. The materials in this document may not be copied or otherwise reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written consent of us. 3. This product and any technical information relating thereto are subject to complementary export controls (so- called KNOW controls) under the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Law, and related politics ministerial ordinance of the law. (Note that the complementary export controls are inapplicable to any application-specific products, except rockets and pilotless aircraft, that are insusceptible to design or program changes.) Accordingly, when exporting or carrying abroad this product, follow the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Law and its related regulations with respect to the complementary export controls. 4. The technical information described in this document shows typical characteristics and example application circuits for the products. The release of such information is not to be construed as a warranty of or a grant of license under our or any third party's intellectual property rights or any other rights. 5. The products listed in this document are intended and designed for use as general electronic components in standard applications (office equipment, telecommunication equipment, measuring instruments, consumer electronic products, amusement equipment etc.). Those customers intending to use a product in an application requiring extreme quality and reliability, for example, in a highly specific application where the failure or misoperation of the product could result in human injury or death should first contact us.

• Aerospace Equipment
• Equipment Used in the Deep Sea
• Power Generator Control Equipment (nuclear, steam, hydraulic, etc.)
• Life Maintenance Medical Equipment
• Fire Alarms / Intruder Detectors
• Vehicle Control Equipment (automotive, airplane, railroad, ship, etc.)
• Various Safety Devices
• Traffic control system
• Combustion equipment In case your company desires to use this product for any applications other than general electronic equipment mentioned above, make sure to contact our company in advance. Note that the important requirements mentioned in this section are not applicable to cases where operation requirements such as application conditions are confirmed by our company in writing after consultation with your company. 6. We are making our continuous effort to improve the quality and reliability of our products, but semiconductor products are likely to fail with certain probability. In order to prevent any injury to persons or damages to property resulting from such failure, customers should be careful enough to incorporate safety measures in their design, such as redundancy feature, fire containment feature and fail-safe feature. We do not assume any liability or responsibility for any loss or damage arising from misuse or inappropriate use of the products. 7. The products have been designed and tested to function within controlled environmental conditions. Do not use products under conditions that deviate from methods or applications specified in this datasheet. Failure to employ the products in the proper applications can lead to deterioration, destruction or failure of the products. We shall not be responsible for any bodily injury, fires or accident, property damage or any consequential damages resulting from misuse or misapplication of the products. 8. Quality Warranty 8-1. Quality Warranty Period In the case of a product purchased through an authorized distributor or directly from us, the warranty period for this product shall be one (1) year after delivery to your company. For defective products that occurred during this period, we will take the quality warranty measures described in section 8-2. However, if there is an agreement on the warranty period in the basic transaction agreement, quality assurance agreement, delivery specifications, etc., it shall be followed. 8-2. Quality Warranty Remedies When it has been proved defective due to manufacturing factors as a result of defect analysis by us, we will either deliver a substitute for the defective product or refund the purchase price of the defective product. Note that such delivery or refund is sole and exclusive remedies to your company for the defective product. 8-3. Remedies after Quality Warranty Period With respect to any defect of this product found after the quality warranty period, the defect will be analyzed by us. On the basis of the defect analysis results, the scope and amounts of damage shall be determined by mutual agreement of both parties. Then we will deal with upper limit in Section 8-2. This provision is not intended to limit any legal rights of your company. 9. Anti-radiation design is not implemented in the products described in this document. 10. The X-ray exposure can influence functions and characteristics of the products. Confirm the product functions and characteristics in the evaluation stage. 11. WLCSP products should be used in light shielded environments. The light exposure can influence functions and characteristics of the products under operation or storage. 12. Warning for handling Gallium and Arsenic (GaAs) products (Applying to GaAs MMIC, Photo Reflector). These products use Gallium (Ga) and Arsenic (As) which are specified as poisonous chemicals by law. For the prevention of a hazard, do not burn, destroy, or process chemically to make them as gas or power. When the product is disposed of, please follow the related regulation and do not mix this with general industrial waste or household waste. 13. Please contact our sales representatives should you have any questions or comments concerning the products or the technical information. Official website https://www.nisshinbo-microdevices.co.jp/en/ Purchase information https://www.nisshinbo-microdevices.co.jp/en/buy/