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Semiconductor Component Analyser Model DCA55 User Guide © Peak Electronic Design Limited 2000/2007 In the interests of development, information in this guide is subject to change without notice - E&OE electronic design ltd

Atlas DCA User Guide October 2007 – Rev 7 Page 2 Want to use it now? We understand that you want to use your Atlas DCA right now. The unit is ready to go and you should have little need to refer to this user guide, but please make sure that you do at least take a look at the notices on page 4! Contents Page

Atlas DCA User Guide October 2007 – Rev 7 Page 3 Introduction The Peak Atlas DCA is an intelligent semiconductor analyser that offers great features together with refreshing simplicity. The Atlas DCA brings a world of component data to your fingertips. Summary Features:

  • Automatic component type identification ƒ Bipolar transistors ƒ Darlington transistors ƒ Enhancement Mode MOSFETs ƒ Depletion Mode MOSFETs ƒ Junction FETs ƒ Low power sensitive Triacs ƒ Low power sensitive Thyristors ƒ Light Emitting Diodes ƒ Bicolour LEDs ƒ Diodes ƒ Diode networks
  • Automatic pinout identification, just connect any way round.
  • Special feature identification such as diode protection and resistor shunts.
  • Gain measurement for bipolar transistors.
  • Leakage current measurement for bipolar transistors.
  • Silicon and Germanium detection for bipolar transistors.
  • Gate threshold measurement for Enhancement Mode MOSFETs.
  • Semiconductor forward voltage measurement for diodes, LEDs and transistor Base-Emitter junctions.
  • Automatic and manual power-off.

Atlas DCA User Guide October 2007 – Rev 7 Page 4 Important Considerations Please observe the following guidelines:

  • This i nstrument m ust NE VER be co nnected t o p owered equipment/components or e quipment/components with any stored en ergy (e.g. ch arged capacitors). F ailure to co mply with this warning may result in personal injury, damage to the e quipment u nder t est, d amage t o t he Atlas DCA and invalidation of the manufacturer’s warranty.
  • The Atlas DCA is designed to analyse semiconductors that are not in -circuit, o therwise co mplex circu it effects will result in erroneous measurements.
  • Avoid rough treatment or hard knocks.
  • This unit is not waterproof.
  • Only use a good quality Alkaline battery.

Atlas DCA User Guide October 2007 – Rev 7 Page 5 Analysing Components The Atlas DCA is designed to a nalyse discrete, unconnected, unp owered co mponents. T his ensures that external connections don’t influence the measured parameters. The three test probes can be connected to the component any w ay round. If the co mponent has only two terminals, then any pair of the three test probes can be used. Peak Atlas DCA is analysing.... The Atlas DCA will start co mponent analysis when the on-test button is pressed. Depending on th e co mponent ty pe, anal ysis may t ake a few secon ds t o complete, after wh ich, the results o f the analysis are displayed. Inf ormation is displayed a “page” at a time, each page can be displayed by briefly pressing the scroll-off button. The arrow symbol on the display indicates that more pages are availabl e to be viewed. Although the Atlas DCA will switch itself o ff if left unattended, you can manually sw itch the unit off b y holding dow n the scroll-off button for a couple of seconds.

Atlas DCA User Guide October 2007 – Rev 7 Page 6 If the Atlas DCA cannot detect any component betw een any of the t est probes, the following message w ill be displayed: No component detected If the co mponent is not a s upported component type, a faulty component or a co mponent that is bein g tested in- circuit, the anal ysis may result in the following message being displayed: Unknown/Faulty component Some components may be faulty due to a shorted junction between a pair of the probes. If this is t he case, the follo wing message (or similar) will be displayed: Short circuit on Green Blue If all three probes are shorted (or very low resistance) then the foll owing message will be displayed: It is possible that the Atlas DCA may detect one or more diode junctions or other component type within an u nknown or faulty part. This is because many se miconductors co mprise of PN (diode) junctions. Please refer to the section on diodes and diode networks for more information. Short circuit on Red Green Blue

Atlas DCA User Guide October 2007 – Rev 7 Page 7 Diodes The Atlas DCA will analyse almost any type of diode. A ny pair of the three test cl ips can be connected to the diode, any way round. If the unit detects a si ngle diode, the f ollowing message will be displayed: Pressing the scroll-off button will then display the pinout for the diode. In this exam ple, the Anode of the diode is connected to the Red test clip and the Cathode is connected to the Green test clip, additionally, the Blue test clip is unconnected. The f orward voltage drop is then displayed, this gives an indication of the diode technology. In this example, it is likely that the diode is a silicon diode. A ger manium or Schottky diode m ay yield a forw ard voltage of abo ut 0.25V . T he current at which the dio de was tested is also displayed. Note that the Atlas DCA will detect only one diode even if two diodes are connected in series when the third test clip is not connected to the junction betw een the diodes. T he forward voltage drop display ed however will be the voltage across the whole series combination. The Atlas DCA will determine that t he diode(s) under test is an LED if the measured forward voltage drop exceeds 1.50V. Please refer to the section on LED analysis for more information. Test current If=4.62mA Forward voltage Vf=0.67V RED GREEN BLUE Anod Cath Diode or diode junction(s)

Atlas DCA User Guide October 2007 – Rev 7 Page 8 Diode Networks The Atlas DCA will intelligently identify popular types o f three ter minal diode networks. For three term inal d evices such as SO T-23 diode netw orks, the three test clips must all be connected, a ny way round. T he instrument will identify the ty pe of diode network and t hen display in formation regarding e ach detected diode i n sequence. The following types of diode networks are automatically recognised by the Atlas DCA: Both cathodes connected together, such as the BAV70 device. Common cathode diode network Anodes of each diode are connected together, the BAW56W is an example. Common anode diode network Here, each diode is connected in series. An example is the BAV99. Series diode network Following the component identification, the details of each diode in the network will be displayed. Firstly, the pinout for the diode is displayed, f ollowed by the electrical information, for ward voltage drop and the current at w hich the di ode was tested. The value of the test current depends on the measured forw ard voltage drop of the diode. Following the display of all the det ails for the first d iode, the details o f the second diode will then be displayed. Forward voltage D1 Vf=0.64V RED GREEN BLUE Cath Anod Pinout for D1...

Atlas DCA User Guide October 2007 – Rev 7 Page 9 LEDs An L ED is reall y just a another ty pe of di ode, how ever, the Atlas DCA will d etermine that an LED or LED net work has been detected if the measured f orward voltage drop is larger than 1.5V. This also enables the Atlas DCA to int elligently identify bicolour LEDs, both two-terminal and three-terminal varieties. Like the diode an alysis, the pinout, the forward voltage drop and the associated test current is displayed. LED or diode junction(s) Here, the Cathode (-ve) LE D terminal is connected to the Green test clip and the Anode (+ve) LE D terminal is connected to the Blue test clip. RED GREEN BLUE Cath Anod Forward voltage Vf=1.92V In this exa mple, a si mple green LED yields a forward voltage drop of 1.92V. The test current is dependa nt on the forward voltage drop of the L ED, here the test current is measured as 3.28mA. Some blue L EDs (and their cousi ns, w hite L EDs) require high forward voltages and may not be detected by the Atlas DCA. Test current If=3.28mA

Atlas DCA User Guide October 2007 – Rev 7 Page 10 Bicolour LEDs Bicolour LEDs are automatically identified. If your LED has 3 leads then ensure they are all connected, in any order. A two term inal bicolour LED consi sts of two LED ch ips which are connected in inverse parallel within the LED body. Three terminal bicolour LEDs are made with either common anodes or common cathodes. Three terminal bicolour LED Two terminal bicolour LED Here a two te rminal LED has been detected. This m essage will be displayed if the unit has detected a three t erminal LED. The details of each LED in the package will then be display ed in a si milar way to the diode networks detailed earlier. The pinout for the 1st LED is display ed. Remember that this is the pinout for just one of the two LEDs in the package. Interestingly, the voltage drops for each LED relate to t he different colo urs within the bicolour LED. It may therefore be possible to determine which lead is connected to each colour LED within the device. Red LEDs often have the low est forward voltage d rop, followed by yellow LEDs, green L EDs and finally, blue LEDs. Test current D1 If=3.22mA Forward voltage D1 Vf=1.98V RED GREEN BLUE Anod Cath Pinout for D1...

Atlas DCA User Guide October 2007 – Rev 7 Page 11 Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) Bipolar Junctio n Transistors are si mply “conventio nal” transistors, although variants of th ese do exist such as Darlingtons, dio de protected, resistor shu nted ty pes and combinations of t hese ty pes. A ll of these variations are automatically identified by the Atlas DCA. Bipolar Junctio n T ransistors are available in two m ain types, NPN and PNP. In this exa mple, the unit has detected a Silicon PNP transistor. PNP Silicon Transistor PNP Germanium Transistor The unit will determ ine that the transistor is Germanium only if the base- emitter voltage drop is less than 0.4V and is also PNP. If the device i s a Darlington transist or (two BJTs connected together), the unit will display a si milar message to this: NPN Darlington Transistor Note that the Atlas DCA will determine that the transistor under test is a Da rlington ty pe if the base-e mitter voltage drop i s greater than 1.00V for devices w ith a base-emitter shunt resistance of greater than 60kΩ or if the base-e mitter voltage drop is greater t han 0.80V for devices w ith a ba se-emitter shunt resistance of less t han 60 kΩ. The measured base-e mitter voltage drop is display ed as detailed later in this section.

Atlas DCA User Guide October 2007 – Rev 7 Page 12 Pressing the scroll-off button will result in the tr ansistor’s pinout being displayed. Here, the instru ment has identi fied that the Base is connected to the Red test clip, the Collector is connected to the Green test clip and the Em itter is connected to the Blue test clip. RED GREEN BLUE Base Coll Emit Transistor Special Features Many modern transistors contain a dditional special features. If the Atlas DCA has detected any special f eatures, then the details of these f eatures are displayed next aft er pressing the scroll-off button. If there are no special features detected then the next screen will be the transistor’s current gain. Some transistors, particularl y C RT deflection transist ors and many l arge Darlingtons have a protection di ode inside their package connected between the collector and emitter. Diode protection between C-E The Philips BU505DF is a ty pical exam ple of a diode protected bipolar transistor. Rem ember that protection di odes are alwa ys internall y connected between the colle ctor and the em itter so that they are normally reverse biased. For NPN transistors, the anode of the diode is connected to the emitter of the transistor. Fo r PNP transistors, the anode of the diode is connected to the collector of the transistor.

Atlas DCA User Guide October 2007 – Rev 7 Page 13 Additionally, many Darlingtons and a few non-Darlington transistors also have a resistor shunt network between the base and emitter of the device. The Atlas DCA can detect the resistor shunt if it has a resistance of typically less than 60kΩ. The popular M otorola T IP110 N PN D arlington transistor contains internal resistors between the base and emitter. Resistor shunt between B-E When the unit detects the presence of a resistive shunt betw een the base and emitter, the display will show: Additionally, the Atlas DCA will w arn you that the accurac y of gain measurement (HFE) has been affected by the shunt resistor. It is i mportant to note that if a transistor does contain a base-emitter shunt resistor network, any measurements of current gain (HFE) will be very low at the test currents used by the Atlas DCA. This is due to the resistors providin g an additio nal path for the base current. Th e readings for gain however can still be used for co mparing transistors of a si milar type for the purposes of matching or gain band selecting. The Atlas DCA will warn you if such a condition arises as illustrated above. HFE not accurate due to B-E res

Atlas DCA User Guide October 2007 – Rev 7 Page 14 Faulty or Very Low Gain Transistors Faulty transistors that exhibit ver y low gain may cause the Atlas DCA to only identify one or more diode junctions within the device. This is because NPN transistors consist of a structure of jun ctions that beha ve like a common anode di ode network. PNP transistors can appear to b e co mmon cathode diod e networks. The common junction represents the base t erminal. This is norm al for situations w here the current gai n is so low that it is immeasurable at the test currents used by the Atlas DCA. B C E Common anode diode network Please note that t he equivalent dio de pattern may not be correctly identified by the Atlas DCA if y our transistor has add itional diode(s) in it’s package (such as a collector-e mitter protection diode). This is due to multiple pn junctions that cannot be uniquely analysed. In some circumstances, the unit may not be able to de duce anything sensible from the device at all, in which case you will see either of these messages: Unknown/Faulty component No component detected

Atlas DCA User Guide October 2007 – Rev 7 Page 15 Current Gain (HFE) The DC current gain (H FE) is displayed after any special transistor f eatures have been displayed. IC=2.50mA ICHFE = IB IB DC current gain i s si mply the ratio of the collector current to the base current for a particular operating conditi on. The Atlas DCA m easures H FE at a collector current of 2.50m A and a collector-emitter voltage of between 2V and 3V. The gain of all transistors can va ry considerably with collector current , collector voltage a nd also te mperature. The displa yed value f or gain theref ore may not represent the gain experienced at other collector currents and v oltages. This is particularly t rue for large devices. Current gain HFE=126 Test current Ic=2.50mA Darlington transistors can have very high gain values and more variatio n o f gain will be evident as a result of this. Additionally, it is quite normal for transistors of the same type to have a wide range of gain val ues. For this reason, tr ansistor circuits are often designe d so that their operation has little dependence on the absolute value of current gain. The displayed value of gain is very useful however for comparing transistors of a similar type for the purposes of gain matching or fault finding.

Atlas DCA User Guide October 2007 – Rev 7 Page 16 Base-Emitter Voltage Drop The DC charact eristics of the base -emitter junction are displayed, both the base-em itter forward voltage d rop and the base current used for the measurement. IB VBE The forw ard base -emitter voltage d rop can aid in the identification of silico n or germanium devices. Germanium devices can have base-emitter voltages as low as 0.2V, Silicon ty pes exhibit reading s of about 0.7V and D arlington transistors can exhibit readi ngs of about 1.2 V because o f th e multiple base-e mitter junctions being measured. B-E Voltage Vbe=0.77V Test current Ib=4.52mA Note that the Atlas DCA does not perform the base-emitter tests at the same base current as that used for the current gain measurement.

Atlas DCA User Guide October 2007 – Rev 7 Page 17 Collector Leakage Current The collector current that takes pla ce when no base c urrent is flow ing is referred to as Leakage Current. IC LeakageIB = 0 Most modern transistor exhibit extremely low values of leakage current, often less than 1µA, even for very high collector-emitter voltages. Older Ge rmanium types however can suffer from significant collector leak age current, particular at high tem peratures (leakage current can be very temperature dependant). Leakage current Ic=0.17mA If your transistor is a Silicon type, you should expect to see a leakage current of close to 0.00mA unless the transistor is faulty.

Atlas DCA User Guide October 2007 – Rev 7 Page 18 Enhancement Mode MOSFETs MOSFET stands for Metal Oxide Semiconductor F ield Effect Transistor. Like bipolar transistors, MOSFETs are available in two main ty pes, N-Channel and P-Channel. M ost m odern MOSFETs are of the Enhancement Mode type, meaning that the bias of the g ate-source voltage is always positive (For N-Channel types). The other (rarer) type of MOSFET is the Depletion Mode type which is described in a later section. Enhancement mode N-Ch MOSFET MOSFETs of all t ypes are so metimes know n as IG FETs, meaning Insulated Gate Field Ef fect Transistor . This ter m describes a key f eature of these devices, an insulated gate region that results in negligible gate current for both positive and negative gate-source voltages (up to the maximum allowed values of course, typically ±20V). The first screen t o be display ed gives inform ation on the ty pe of M OSFET detected. Pressing scroll-off will then result in the pinout of the MOSFET being displayed. The gate, source and drain are each identified. An important feature of a MOSFET is the gate-source thresh old voltage, the gate- source voltage at w hich condu ction between the source and drain starts. The gate threshold is displayed followin g the pinout information. The Atlas DCA detects that drain -source conduction has started w hen it reaches 2.50mA. Test current Id=2.50mA Gate Threshold Vgs=3.47V RED GREEN BLUE Gate Drn Srce

Atlas DCA User Guide October 2007 – Rev 7 Page 19 Depletion Mode MOSFETs The fairly rare Depletion Mode MOSFET is very similar to the conventional Jun ction FE T (JFET ) except that the gate terminal is insulated fro m the other two ter minals. The input resistance of thes e devices can ty pically be greate r than 1000MΩ for negative and positive gate-source voltages. Depletion M ode devices are characterised by the gate-source voltage required to control the drain-source current. Depletion mode N-Ch MOSFET Modern D epletion M ode devices ar e generally only available in N -Channel varieties and will conduct current between it’s drain and source terminals even with a zero voltage applied across the gate and the source. The device can only be turned com pletely off by taking it’s gate signi ficantly more negative than it’s source t erminal, say –10V . It i s this characteristi c that makes them so similar to conventional JFETs. Pressing scroll-off will cause the pinout screen to be displayed. RED GREEN BLUE Drn Gate Srce

Atlas DCA User Guide October 2007 – Rev 7 Page 20 Junction FETs (JFETs) Junction FETs are conventional Field Effect Transistors. The voltage appli ed across the gate-source ter minals controls current betw een the drain and source ter minals. N -Channel JFETs require a negative voltage on their gate with respect to their sourc e, the more negative the voltage, the less current can f low between the drain and source. Unlike D epletion M ode MO SFETs, JFETs have no insulation lay er on the gate. This means that althoug h the i nput resistance between the gate and source is normally very high (greater than 1 00MΩ), the gate current can rise i f the semiconductor junction between the gate and source or betw een the gate and drain beco me forw ard biased. T his can happen if t he gate voltage be comes about 0.6V highe r than either the drain or source t erminals for N-Channel devices or 0.6V lower than the drain or source for P-Channel devices. P-Channel Junction FET RED GREEN BLUE Gate Drain and Source not identified The internal st ructure of JFETs is essentially sy mmetrical about the gate terminal, this means that the drain and source terminals are indistinguishable by the Atlas DCA . The JFET t ype and the gate terminal are identified however.

Atlas DCA User Guide October 2007 – Rev 7 Page 21 Thyristors (SCRs) and Triacs Sensitive low power thyristors (Silicon Controlled Rectifiers - SCRs) and triacs that require gate currents and hold ing currents of le ss than 5m A can be identified and analysed with the Atlas DCA. Thyristor ter minals are the an ode, cathode and the g ate. The pinout of the thyristor under test will be display ed on the next press of the scroll-off button. Triac t erminals ar e the MT1, MT2 (MT standing for main term inal) and gate. MT1 is the ter minal with which gate current is referenced. 1. The unit determines that the device under test is a tri ac by checking the gate trigger q uadrants that the device will reliably operate in. Thyristors operate in only one quadrant (positive gate current, positive anode current). Triacs can typically operate in three or four quadrants, hence their use in AC control applications. RED GREEN BLUE Gate Anod Cath RED GREEN BLUE MT1 MT2 Gate Sensitive or low power triac Sensitive or low power thyristor 2. The test current s used by the Atlas DCA are kept low (<5 mA) to eliminate the pos sibility of dam age to a vast range of co mponent types. Some thyristors and triacs will not operate at lo w currents and these types cannot be analy sed with this instrument. Note also that if only one trigger quadrant of a triac is detected then the unit will conclude that it has found a thyristor. Please see the technical specifications for more details.

Atlas DCA User Guide October 2007 – Rev 7 Page 22 Care of your Atlas DCA The Peak Atlas DCA shoul d pro vide many y ears of service if us ed i n accordance with this user g uide. Care should be take n not t o expose your unit to excessive heat, shock or moisture. A dditionally, the battery should b e replaced at least every 12 months to reduce the risk of leak damage. If a low battery wa rning message appears, i mmediate replace ment of the battery is reco mmended as measured parameters may be af fected. The unit may however continue to operate. * Low Battery * The battery can be replaced by carefully opening the Atlas DCA by removing the three screws f rom the rea r of the unit. Take care not to dam age the electronics. The battery should only be replaced with a high quality battery identical to, or equivalent to an Alkaline G P23A or M N21 12V (10 mm dia meter x 28 mm length). Replace ment batteries are available directly f rom P eak Elect ronic Design Limited and many good electronic/automotive outlets.

Atlas DCA User Guide October 2007 – Rev 7 Page 23 Self Test Procedure Each time the Atlas DCA is powered up, a self test procedure is performed. In addition to a batte ry voltage test, the unit measures the performance of many internal functions such as the voltage and current sources, amplifiers, analogue to digital c onverters and test lead multiplexers. If any of t hese fun ction measurements fall outside tight performance li mits, a message w ill be displayed and the instrument will switch off automatically. If the problem w as caused by a temporary condition on t he test clips, such as applying power to the test cli ps, then si mply re-starting the Atlas D CA may clear the problem. If a persistent pro blem does arise , it is likely that dam age has been caus ed by an external event such as excessive power being appli ed to the test clips or a large static discharge taking place. If the problem persists, please contact us for further advice, quoting the displayed fault code. If there is a low battery condition, the auto matic self test procedure will not be performed. For this r eason, it is highly recommended that the battery is replaced as soon as po ssible following a “Low Battery” warning. Self test failed CODE: 5

Atlas DCA User Guide October 2007 – Rev 7 Page 24 Appendix A - Technical Specifications All values are at 25°C unless otherwise specified. Parameter Min Typ Max Note Peak test current into S/C -5.5mA 5.5mA 1 Peak test voltage across O/C -5.1V 5.1V 1 Transistor gain range (HFE) 4 65000 2 Transistor gain accuracy ±3% ±5 HFE 2,8 Transistor VCEO test voltage 2.0V 3.0V 2 Transistor VBE accuracy -2%-20mV +2%+20mV 8 VBE for Darlington 0.95V 1.00V 1.80V 3 VBE for Darlington (shunted) 0.75V 0.80V 1.80V 4 Acceptable transistor VBE 1.80V Base-emitter shunt threshold 50kΩ 60kΩ 70kΩ BJT collector test current 2.45mA 2.50mA 2.55mA BJT acceptable leakage 0.7mA 6 MOSFET gate threshold range 0.1V 5.0V 5 MOSFET threshold accuracy -2%-20mV +2%+20mV 5 MOSFET drain test current 2.45mA 2.50mA 2.55mA MOSFET gate resistance 8kΩ Depletion drain test current 0.5mA 5.5mA JFET drain-source test current 0.5mA 5.5mA SCR/Triac gate test current 4.5mA 7 SCR/Triac load test current 5.0mA Diode test current 5.0mA Diode voltage accuracy -2%-20mV +2%+20mV VF for LED identification 1.50V 4.00V Short circuit threshold 10Ω Battery type MN21 / L1028 / GP23A 12V Alkaline Battery voltage range 7.50V 12V Battery warning threshold 8.25V Dimensions (body) 103 x 70 x 20 mm 1. Between any pair of test clips. 2. Collector current of 2.50mA. Gain accuracy valid for gains less than 2000. 3. Resistance across reverse biased base-emitter > 60k Ω. 4. Resistance across reverse biased base-emitter < 60k Ω. 5. Drain-source current of 2.50mA. 6. Collector-emitter voltage of 5.0V. 7. Thyristor quadrant I, Triac quadrants I and III. 8. BJT with no shunt resistors. Please note, specifications subject to change.

Atlas DCA User Guide October 2007 – Rev 7 Page 25 Appendix B – Warranty Information Peak Satisfaction Guarantee If for any reason you are not completely satisfied with the Peak Atlas DCA within 14 days of purchase you may return the unit to your distributor. You will receive a refund covering the full purchase price if the unit is returned in perfect condition. Peak Warranty The warranty is valid for 12 months fr om date of purchase. This warranty covers the cost of repair or replacem ent due to defects in materials and/or manufacturing faults. The warranty does not cover malfunction or defects caused by: a) Operation outside the scope of the user guide. b) Unauthorised access or modification of the unit (except for battery replacement). c) Accidental physica l damage or abuse. The customer’s statutory rights are not affected by any of the above. All claims must be accompanied by a proof of purchase.

Atlas DCA User Guide October 2007 – Rev 7 Page 26 Appendix C – Disposal Information WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment), Recycling of Electrical and Electronic Products United Kingdom In 2006 the E uropean Union introduced regulations (WEEE) for the col lection and recycling of all waste electrical and electronic equ ipment. It is no lo nger permissible to simply throw away el ectrical and electronic equipment. Instead, these products must enter the recycling process. Each individual EU member state has implemented the WEEE regulations into national law in slightly different way s. Please follow y our national law when you want to dispose of any electrical or electronic products. More details can be obtained from your national WEEE recycling agency. If in doubt, you may send your Peak Product to us for safe and environmentally responsible disposal. At Peak Electronic Design Ltd we are committed to continual product development and improvement. The specifications of our products are therefore subject to change without notice. © 2000-2007 Peak Electronic Design Limited - E&OE West Road House, West Road, Buxton, Derbyshire, SK17 6HF, UK.