CC2431ZRTCR

CC2431 TI | Alldatasheet

Document overview

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Technical content

System-on-Chip for 2.4 GHz ZigBee / IEEE 802.15.4 with Location Engine ®

Applications

• ZigBee® systems
• 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 systems
• Home/building automation
• Industrial Control and Monitoring
• Low power wireless sensor networks
• Access Control
• PC peripherals
• Set-top boxes and remote controls
• Consumer Electronics
• Container/Vehicle Tracking
• Active RFID
• Inventory Control Product Description The CC2431 is a true System-On-Chip (SOC) for wireless sensor networking ZigBee ®/IEEE 802.15.4 solutions. The chip includes a location detection hardware module that can be used in so-called blind nodes (i.e. nodes with unknown location) to receive signals from nodes with known location’s. Based on this the location engine calculates an estimate of a blind node’s position. The CC2431 enables ZigBee® nodes to be built with very low total bill-of-material costs. The CC2431 combines the excellent performance of the leading CC2420 RF transceiver with an industry-standard enhanced 8051 MCU, 128 KB flash memory, 8 KB RAM and many other powerful features. Combined with the industry leading ZigBee ® protocol stack (Z-Stack™) from Texas Instruments, the CC2431 provides the market’s most competitive ZigBee® solution. The CC2431 is highly suited for systems where ultra low power consumption is required. This is achieved by various operating modes. Short transition times between these modes further ensure low power consumption. Key Features
• Location Engine calculates the location of a node in a network
• High performance and low power 8051 microcontroller core.
• 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 compliant RF transceiver (industry leading CC2420 radio core).
• ZigBee ® protocol stack (Z-Stack™) from Texas Instruments includes support for CC2431 ‘s location engine.
• Excellent receiver sensitivity and robustness to interferers
• 128 KB in-system programmable flash
• 8 KB RAM, 4 KB with data retention in all power modes
• Powerful DMA functionality
• Very few external components
• Only a single crystal needed for mesh network systems
• Low current consumption (RX: 27 mA, TX: 27 mA, microcontroller running at 32 MHz)
• Only 0.5µA current consumption in power- down mode, where external interrupts or the RTC can wake up the system
• 0.3 µA current consumption in power-down mode, where external interrupts can wake up the system
• Very fast transition times from low-power modes to active mode enables ultra low average power consumption in low duty-cycle systems
• CSMA/CA hardware support
• Wide supply voltage range (2.0 V – 3.6 V)
• Digital RSSI/ LQI support
• Battery monitor and temperature sensor
• ADC with up to eight inputs and configurable resolution
• 128-bit AES security coprocessor CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 1 of 15 Not Recommended for New Designs

Key Features (continued)

• Two powerful USARTs with support for several serial protocols.
• Hardware debug support
• Watchdog timer
• One IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Timer, one general 16-bit timer and two 8-bit timers
• RoHS compliant 7x7 mm QLP48 package
• 21 general I/O pins, two with 20 mA sink/source capability
• Powerful and flexible development tools available Note: The CC2431 and the CC2430 are pin compatible, and the MCU and RF parts of the CC2430-F128 are identical to the CC2431 except the Location Engine. This data sheet complements the CC2430 data sheet with a description of the Location Engine. For complete information about the CC2431, please refer to the CC2430 data sheet in addition to this data sheet. The CC2430 data sheet can be found here: http://focus.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/cc2430.pdf CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 2 of 15 Not Recommended for New Designs

CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 3 of 15 Not Recommended for New Designs

1 Register conventions

Each RF register is described in a separate table. The table heading is given in the following format: REGISTER NAME (XDATA Address) In the register descriptions, each register bit is shown with a symbol indicating the access mode of the register bit. The register values are always given in binary notation unless prefixed by ‘0x’ which indicates hexadecimal notation. Table 1: Register bit conventions Symbol Access Mode R/W Read/write R Read only R0 Read as 0 R1 Read as 1 W Write only W0 Write as 0 W1 Write as 1 H0 Hardware clear H1 Hardware set CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 4 of 15 Not Recommended for New Designs

2 Location Engine

The Location Engine is used to estimate the position of nodes in an ad-hoc wireless network. Reference nodes exist with known coordinates, typically because they are part of an installed infrastructure. Other nodes are blind nodes , whose coordinates need to be estimated. These blind nodes are often mobile and attached to assets that need to be tracked. The Location Engine implements a distributed computation algorithm that uses received signal strength indicator (RSSI) values from known reference nodes. Performing location calculations at the node level reduces network traffic and communication delays otherwise present in a centralized computation approach. The Location Engine has the following main features:

• 3 to 16 reference nodes can be used for the location estimation algorithm
• Location estimate with readout resolution of 0.25 meters (note: The accuracy of the location estimate will depend on several factors described below).
• Time to estimate node location is 50 µs to 13 ms
• Location range 64 x 64 meters
• Runs location estimation with minimum CPU usage To achieve the best possible accuracy one should use antennas that have near-isotropic radiation characteristics. The location error depends on signal environment, deployment pattern of reference nodes and the density of reference nodes in a given area. In general, having more reference nodes available improves the accuracy of the location estimation.

2.1 Location Engine Operation

This section describes the basic steps required to obtain location estimates from the Location Engine. The Location Engine requires a set of three to 16 reference coordinates to be input together with a set of measured parameters. The output from the Location Engine consists of a pair of estimated location coordinates. Before any input data is written, the Location Engine must be enabled by writing a 1 to the enable bit, LOCENG.EN. When the Location Engine is not in use, writing a 0 to LOCENG.EN will reduce the power consumption of the CC2431 by gating off the Engine’s clock signal. Figure 1 shows the basic operation of the Location Engine. CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 5 of 15 Not Recommended for New Designs

Figure 1: Location Engine Operation CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 6 of 15 Not Recommended for New Designs

2.1.1 Reference Coordinates

The Location Engine requires a set of between three and 16 reference coordinates [x0, y0, x1, y1, …, x15, y15] to be input. The reference coordinates express each reference nodes position in meters, as unsigned values in the interval [0, 63.75] meters. The finest possible readout resolution is 0.25 meter. The format used is fixed-point data with the two LSBs representing the fractional part and the remaining six bits representing the integer part, thus e.g. 63.75 is represented as 0xFF. Reference coordinates are loaded into the RF register REFCOORD. Before writing to REFCOORD, a 1 must be written to the register bit LOCENG.REFLD to indicate that a set of reference coordinates are being written. Once the coordinate load process commences (LOCENG.REFLD =1), 16 coordinate pairs must always be written. However, it is possible for the Location Engine to use less than 16 reference coordinates, by marking certain reference coordinates as unused. Zeros shall be used to fill the unuse d reference coordinate slots, and they will be interpreted as unused when 0.0 is loaded as the RSSI value for those reference coordinates. The reference coordinates are written in the order [x0, y0, x1, y1, …, x15, y15] to the register REFCOORD. After all coordinates have been written, a 0 is written to the register bit LOCENG.REFLD.

2.1.2 Measured Parameters

After the reference coordinates have been written, a set of measured parameters must be input to the Location Engine. These parameters consist of two radio parameters: Four search boundary coordinates and 16 RSSI values. The radio parameters are the values A and n. These radio parameters are used in the Engine’s algorithm used to find the estimated location. The parameters A and n can be adjusted to describe the propagation environment in which a network of devices will operate.

2.1.2.1 Parameter Definitions

The measured parameters are described in this section together with how these should be estimated.

2.1.2.1.1 Parameter A

The radio parameter A is defined as the absolute value of the average power in dBm received at a close-in reference distance of one meter from the transmitter, assuming an omni-directional radiation pattern. For example, if the mean received power at one meter is -40 dBm, the parameter A is specified as 40. The Engine expects the parameter A to be in the range [30.0, 50.0] with precision 0.5. The parameter A is given as an unsigned fixed- point value where the LSB bit is the fractional bit and the remaining bits are the integer part. A typical value for A is 40.0.

2.1.2.1.2 Parameter n

The radio parameter n is defined as the path loss exponent that describes the rate at which the signal power decays with increasing distance from the transmitter. This decay is proportional to d -n where d is the distance between transmitter and receiver. The actual parameter n value written to the Location Engine is an integer index value selected from a lookup table shown in Table 2. As an example, in the case when the value n=2.98 is found from measurements, the closest available value of n in the lookup table is 3.00, corresponding to index 13. Therefore, the integer value 13 is used for the parameter n written to the Location Engine. Refer to section 2.1.2.1.3 in order to find the value for n to be used. CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 7 of 15 Not Recommended for New Designs

Table 2: n parameter lookup table n index n n index n 0 1.000 16 3.375 1 1.250 17 3.500 2 1.500 18 3.625 3 1.750 19 3.750 4 1.875 20 3.875 5 2.000 21 4.000 6 2.125 22 4.125 7 2.250 23 4.250 8 2.375 24 4.375 9 2.500 25 4.500 10 2.625 26 4.625 11 2.750 27 5.000 12 2.875 28 5.500 13 3.000 29 6.000 14 3.125 30 7.000 15 3.250 31 8.000 The parameter n is written to the Location Engine as an integer index in the range [0, 31] as the index is given as an integer value with no fractional bits, e.g. the value n = 7 is loaded as 00000111. The typical value for n depends on the environment.

2.1.2.1.3 Parameter Estimation

The parameters A and n can be estimated empirically by collecting RSSI data (and therefore path loss data) for which the distances between the transmitting and receiving devices are known. Figure 2 is a scatter plot of abs(RSSI) data versus log distance in meters. A least-squares best-fit line is used to glean the specific values of A and n for the environment in which the data were measured:

• A is the y-intercept of the line, and
• n is the slope of the line The data in Figure 2 give A=42.4 and n =2.98 for that environment. Note that the plot in this example does not show the actual y-intercept i.e. the point on the line where x=0. The value of A loaded into the engine in this case would by 42.5. The value of n loaded into the engine, is seen to be 13 from Table 2. CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 8 of 15 Not Recommended for New Designs

10*log10(distance) Path Loss (dB) Figure 2: Path loss vs. log distance

2.1.2.1.4 Search Boundary Coordinates

It is possible to reduce error and estimation time by setting search boundaries for the estimated location X and Y coordinates. The maximum area that can be considered is with X and Y in the interval [0.0, 63.75] meters. Assume that the Location Engine search is to be limited to include only the rectangular area bounded by the coordinates [x min, y min] and [xmax, ymax]. Four search boundary parameters are entered in the following order: x min, xdelta , ymin, ydelta where: xdelta = xmax - xmin ydelta = ymax - ymin Note that even when it is chosen to search in the whole possible search space, these coordinates must be entered as the coordinates for the whole space, i.e. the If some input parameters are omitted the Location Engine will not estimate correctly.

2.1.2.1.5 RSSI Values

The RSSI values are the RSSI measurements corresponding to the set of reference coordinates. The RSSI values are within the interval [-40 dBm, -95 dBm] with precision 0.5 dBm. The negative sign is removed in the value written. As an example, in the case where the value RSSI = -50.35 dB, this would be written into the location engine as 50.5. Note that a value of 0.0 must be written as RSSI value for unused reference coordinates, if less than 16 reference nodes are used. The engine will not function correctly if only some of the parameters are loaded.

2.1.2.2 Loading Parameters

All measured parameters described in the previous sections are loaded into the RF register MEASPARM. Before writing to MEASPARM, a 1 must be written to the register bit LOCENG.PARLD to indicate that a set of measured parameters are being written. Once the parameter load process commences CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 9 of 15 Not Recommended for New Designs

(LOCENG.PARLD =1), all 22 parameters must be written. The measured parameters must be written in the order [A, n, xmin, xdelta, ymin, ydelta, rssi0, rssi1, …, rssi 15] to the MEASPARM register. Once the parameter load process commences (LOCENG.PARLD = 1 ) i t m u s t b e c o m p l e t e d with all 22 parameters. Included in these are the 16 RSSI values which must be all written, so any unused slots must be written as zeros. After all 22 parameters have been written, a 0 must be written to the register bit LOCENG.PARLD.

2.1.3 Location Estimation

The estimated location coordinates are given in meters in the interval [0.0, 63.75] with resolution 0.25 m. The data format uses the LSB bit as the fractional part. When reference coordinates and measured parameters have been loaded, the location estimate is calculated by writing 1 to the LOCENG.RUN register bit. The estimated coordinates can be read from the LOCX and LOCY registers when LOCENG.DONE is set to 1. The time until estimated coordinates can be read varies with the search boundary parameters, from 50 µs to 13 ms (with 32 MHz system clock) after LOCENG.RUN was set to 1. The Location Engine does not produce any interrupt requests. The value of the X coordinate estimate given by LOCX includes an offset value which must be removed to obtain the actual X coordinate. The offset removal must be performed after reading the LOCX register, to obtain the actual X value as follows: X = (XLOCX - xmin +1) % ( xdelta+ 1) + xmin Where X LOCX is the value read from register LOCX, and x min and x delta are the boundary parameters used as inputs to limit the search the Y coordinate read LOCY from can be used directly. The estimated coordinates remain valid in the LOCX and LOCY registers until new results have been calculated or until a reset. Note that LOCENG.EN must be 1 during operation of the Location Engine.

2.2 Location Engine Register

This section describes the RF registers associated with the Location Engine. These registers are:

• LOCENG - Location Engine control and status
• REFCOORD - Reference coordinates input
• MEASPARM - Measured parameters input
• LOCX - Location estimate X coordinate
• LOCY - Location estimate Y coordinate The RF registers reside in XDATA memory space. Table 3 gives an overview of register addresses while the remaining tables in this section describe each register in detail. Refer also to section 1 for Register conventions. For the remaining RF registers refer to the CC2430 Data Sheet. CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 10 of 15 Not Recommended for New Designs

Table 3 : Overview of Location Engine RF registers XDATA Address Register name Description 0xDF55 REFCOORD Reference coordinates input 0xDF56 MEASPARM Measured parameters input 0xDF57 LOCENG Location Engine control and status 0xDF58 LOCX Location estimate X coordinate 0xDF59 LOCY Location estimate Y coordinate 0xDF60 CHVER Chip Version 0xDF61 CHIPID Chip Identification REFCOORD (0xDF55) Bit Name Reset R/W Description 7:0 REFCOORD 0 R/W Location Engine reference coordinate [x0, y0, x1, y1, … x15, y15] MEASPARM (0xDF56) Bit Name Reset R/W Description 7:0 MEASPARM 0 R/W Location Engine measured parameters of channel and reference nodes [A, n, xmin, xdelta, ymin, ydelta, rssi0, rssi1, …, rssi 15] LOCENG (0xDF57) Bit Name Reset R/W Description 7:5 - 00 R0 Reserved, read as 0.

4 EN 0 R/W Enable location engine

0 Disable location engine

1 Enable location engine

3 DONE 0 R Estimation completed. After 1 has been written to RUN, this bit is cleared and then set to 1 when the estimated data is ready. 2 PARLD 0 R/W Load parameters. This bit shall be written as 1 before the set of parameters are written to MEASPARM. Write 0 to this bit after the last parameter has been written. 1 REFLD 0 R/W Load reference coordinates. This bit shall be written as 1 before the set of coordinates are written to REFCOORD. Write 0 to this bit after the last coordinate has been written. 0 RUN 0 R0W1 Location estimate start. This bit shall be written as 1 when desired coordinates and parameters have been written to REFCOORD and MEASPARM registers. Estimation process starts when 1 is written to this bit. Always read as LOCX (0xDF58) Bit Name Reset R/W Description 7:0 LOCX 00h R Location estimate X coordinate with offset. CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 11 of 15 Not Recommended for New Designs

LOCY (0xDF59) Bit Name Reset R/W Description 7:0 LOCY 00h R Location estimate Y coordinate. CHVER (0xDF60) Bit Name Reset R/W Description 7:0 VERSION[7:0] 0x03 R Chip revision number. The current die revision is as follows: 0x04 : Die revision E The current number in VERSION[7:0] may not be consistent with past or future die revisions of this product CHIPID (0xDF61) Bit Name Reset R/W Description 7:0 CHIPID[7:0] 0x89 R Chip identification number. Always read as 0x89.

3 Ordering Information

Table 4: Ordering Information Ordering part number Description MOQ CC2431RTC CC2431, QLP48 package, RoHS compliant Pb-free assembly, trays with 260 pcs per tray, 128 Kbytes in-system programmable flash memory, System-on-chip RF transceiver. 260 CC2431RTCR CC2431, QLP48 package, RoHS compliant Pb-free assembly, T&R with 2500 pcs per reel, 128 Kbytes in-system programmable flash memory, System-on-chip RF transceiver. 2500 CC2431ZRTC CC2431, QLP48 package, RoHS compliant Pb-free assembly, trays with 260 pcs per tray, 128 Kbytes in-system programmable flash memory, System-on-chip RF transceiver, including royalty for using TI’s ZigBee® Software Stack, Z-Stack™, in an end product 260 CC2431ZRTCR CC2431, QLP48 package, RoHS compliant Pb-free assembly, T&R with 2500 pcs per reel, 128 Kbytes in-system programmable flash memory, System-on-chip RF transceiver, including royalty for using TI’s ZigBee® Software Stack, Z-Stack™, in an end product 2500 CC2431DK CC2431 Development Kit 1 CC2431ZDK CC2431 ZigBee® Development Kit 1 CC2431EMK CC2431 Evaluation Module Kit 1 MOQ = Minimum Order Quantity T&R = tape and reel CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 12 of 15 Not Recommended for New Designs

4 General Information

4.1 Document History

Table 5: Document History Revision Date Description/Changes 2.01 2007-05-30 First data sheet for released product. Preliminary data sheets exist for engineering samples and pre-production prototype devices, but these data sheets are not complete and may be incorrect in some aspects compared with the released product. CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 13 of 15 Not Recommended for New Designs

5 Address Information

Texas Instruments Norway AS Gaustadalléen 21 N-0349 Oslo NORWAY Tel: +47 22 95 85 44 Fax: +47 22 95 85 46 Web site: http://www.ti.com/lpw

6 TI Worldwide Technical Support

TI Semiconductor Product Information Center Home Page: support.ti.com TI Semiconductor KnowledgeBase Home Page: support.ti.com/sc/knowledgebase Product Information Centers Americas Phone: +1(972) 644-5580 Fax: +1(972) 927-6377 Internet/Email: support.ti.com/sc/pic/americas.htm Europe, Middle East and Africa Phone: Belgium (English) +32 (0) 27 45 54 32 Finland (English) +358 (0) 9 25173948 France +33 (0) 1 30 70 11 64 Germany +49 (0) 8161 80 33 11 Israel (English) 180 949 0107 Italy 800 79 11 37 Netherlands (English) +31 (0) 546 87 95 45 Russia +7 (0) 95 363 4824 Spain +34 902 35 40 28 Sweden (English) +46 (0) 8587 555 22 United Kingdom +44 (0) 1604 66 33 99 Fax: +49 (0) 8161 80 2045 Internet: support.ti.com/sc/pic/euro.htm Japan Fax International +81-3-3344-5317 Domestic 0120-81-0036 Internet/Email International support.ti.com/sc/pic/japan.htm Domestic www.tij.co.jp/pic CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 14 of 15 Not Recommended for New Designs

Phone International +886-2-23786800 Domestic Toll-Free Number Australia 1-800-999-084 China 800-820-8682 Hong Kong 800-96-5941 India +91-80-51381665 (Toll) Indonesia 001-803-8861-1006 Korea 080-551-2804 Malaysia 1-800-80-3973 New Zealand 0800-446-934 Philippines 1-800-765-7404 Singapore 800-886-1028 Taiwan 0800-006800 Thailand 001-800-886-0010 Fax +886-2-2378-6808 Email tiasia@ti.com or ti-china@ti.com Internet support.ti.com/sc/pic/asia.htm CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 15 of 15 Not Recommended for New Designs

PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION www.ti.com 23-May-2025 TRAY L - Outer tray length without tabs KO - Outer tray height W - Outer tray width P1 - Tray unit pocket pitch CW - Measurement for tray edge (Y direction) to corner pocket center CL - Measurement for tray edge (X direction) to corner pocket center Text Chamfer on Tray corner indicates Pin 1 orientation of packed units. *All dimensions are nominal Device Package Name Package Type Pins SPQ Unit array matrix Max temperature (°C) L (mm) W (mm) (µm) (mm) CL (mm) CW (mm) CC2431RTC RTC VQFNP 48 260 26 x 10 150 322.6 135.9 7620 11.8 10 10.35 CC2431ZRTC RTC VQFNP 48 260 26 x 10 150 322.6 135.9 7620 11.8 10 10.35 Pack Materials-Page 1

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