CC2431ZRTCR

CC2431 TAOS | Alldatasheet

Document overview

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Technical content

System-on-Chip for 2.4 GHz ZigBee / IEEE 802.15.4 with Location Engine ®

Applications

• ZigBee® systems
• 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 systems
• Home/building automation
• Industrial Control and Monitoring
• Low power wireless sensor networks
• Access Control
• PC peripherals
• Set-top boxes and remote controls
• Consumer Electronics
• Container/Vehicle Tracking
• Active RFID
• Inventory Control Product Description The CC2431 is a true Syst em-On-Chip (SOC) for wi reless sensor net working Zi gBee®/IEEE 802.15.4 solutions. Th e chip in cludes a location dete ction ha rdware mod ule th at can be u sed in so-called blin d nod es (i.e. nodes with unknown location) to receive si gnals from nodes with known location’s. Based on this the location e ngine calculates a n e stimate of a blind nod e’s position. The CC2431 enabl es ZigBee® nod es to b e buil t with very lo w total bill-of-material costs. The CC2431 combines the excellent performan ce of the leadi ng CC2420 RF t ransceiver with a n ind ustry-standard enhanced 8051 MCU, 128 KB flash memory, 8 KB RAM and many othe r powerful fe atures. Combined wi th the ind ustry leadi ng Zi gBee® protocol stack (Z -Stack™ ) from Texa s Instruments, the CC2431 provides the m arket’s most competitive ZigBee® solution. The CC2431 is highly suited for sy stems where ultra low power consumption is required. This is achieved by various operating modes. Short transition times bet ween these mode s further ensure low power consumption. Key Features
• Location E ngine ca lculates the loc ation of a node in a network
• High p erformance an d low power 80 51 microcontroller core.
• 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.1 5.4 compli ant RF transceiver (in dustry leading CC2420 radi o core).
• Z igBee® prot ocol stack ( Z-Stack™) fr om Texas Instruments includes support for CC2431 ‘s location engine.
• Excellent receiver sensitivity and robustness to interferers
• 128 KB in-system programmable flash
• 8 KB RAM, 4 KB with d ata retenti on in all power modes
• Powerful DMA functionality
• Very few external components
• Only a single crystal needed for mesh network systems
• Low current consumption (RX: 27 mA, TX: 27 mA, microcontroller running at 32 MHz)
• Only 0.5µA c urrent cons umption i n po wer- down m ode, w here e xternal interrupts or t he RTC can wake up the system
• 0.3 µA curre nt consumptio n in po wer-down mode, where external interrupts can wake up the system
• Very fast transition ti mes fro m l ow-power modes to act ive mod e e nables ultra l ow average power consumption in low duty-cycle systems
• CSMA/CA hardware support
• Wide supply voltage range (2.0 V – 3.6 V)
• Digital RSSI/ LQI support
• Battery monitor and temperature sensor
• ADC with up to ei ght i nputs and c onfigurable resolution
• 128-bit AES security coprocessor CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 1 of 15

Key Features (continued)

• Two powerful USART s with supp ort for several serial protocols.
• Hardware debug support
• W atchdog timer
• One IEEE 802 .15.4 MAC T imer, one ge neral 16-bit timer and two 8-bit timers
• RoHS compliant 7x7 mm QLP48 package
• 21 g eneral I /O pins, t wo with 2 0 m A sink/source capability
• Powerful an d fl exible d evelopment too ls available Note: The CC2431 and the CC2430 are pin com patible, an d the MCU and RF pa rts of the CC2430-F128 are identical to the CC2431 except the Lo cation Engine. This da ta sheet complements the CC2430 data sheet with a description of the Location Engine. For complete information about the CC2431, p lease refer to the CC2430 data sheet in addition to this data sheet. The CC2430 data sheet can be found here: http://focus.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/cc2430.pdf CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 2 of 15

CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 3 of 15

1 Register conventions

Each RF register is described in a separate table. The table heading is given in the following format: REGISTER NAME (XDATA Address) In the register descriptions, each register bit is shown with a symbol indicating the access mode of the register bit. The register values are al ways given in bina ry not ation unl ess prefixed by ‘0x’ which indicates hexadecimal notation. Table 1: Register bit conventions Symbol Access Mode R/W Read/write R Read only R0 Read as 0 R1 Read as 1 W Write only W0 Write as 0 W1 Write as 1 H0 Hardware clear H1 Hardware set CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 4 of 15

2 Location Engine

The Lo cation Engine is u sed to estim ate the position of node s in a n ad-h oc wireless network. Referen ce n odes exist with kno wn coordinates, typically because they are part of an in stalled infrastructure. Othe r n odes a re blind n odes, who se coordinates ne ed to be estimated. These blind nodes are often mobile and attached to a ssets that ne ed to be tracked. The Location Engine impl ements a distributed computation algo rithm that use s received signal strength indi cator (RSSI) value s from known refe rence nod es. Performi ng location calculations at the node level reduces network traffic an d communi cation delay s ot herwise present in a cent ralized co mputation approach. The L ocation Engine ha s the follo wing main features:

• 3 to 16 reference nodes can be used for the location estimation algorithm
• Location estimate with readout resolution of 0.25 meters (note: The accuracy of the location estimate will depend on several factors described below).
• Time to estimate node location is 50 µs to 13 ms
• Location range 64 x 64 meters
• Runs location estimation with minimum CPU usage To achieve t he be st po ssible a ccuracy one should u se a ntennas that have nea r-isotropic radiation ch aracteristics. The lo cation error depends on signal enviro nment, de ployment pattern of reference nodes and the density of reference nodes in a give n area. In general, having more refere nce nodes av ailable improves th e accu racy of the locatio n estimation.

2.1 Location Engine Operation

This section descri bes the basi c step s required to obtain location estimates from the Location Engine. The Location Engine requires a set of three to 16 reference coordinates to be in put together with a set of measured parameters. The output from the L ocation Engine consists of a pair of estimated location coordinates. Before a ny i nput data is written, the Location Engine must be enabl ed by writing a 1 to the enable bit, LOCENG.EN. Whe n the Location Engine is not in use, writing a 0 to LOCENG.EN will reduce the power consumption of the CC2431 by gating off the Engine’s clock signal. Figure 1 sh ows the ba sic ope ration of the Location Engine. CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 5 of 15

Figure 1: Location Engine Operation CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 6 of 15

2.1.1 Referen ce Coordinates

The Location Engine requires a set of between three and 16 reference coordinates [x0, y0, x1, y1, …, x15, y15] to be input. The referenc e coordinates expre ss ea ch reference nodes position in m eters, as un signed val ues in the interval [0, 63.75] meters . The fines t poss ible readout re solution is 0.25 meter. The format used i s fixe d-point data with th e t wo LSBs representing th e fr actional pa rt an d th e remaining si x bits repre senting the intege r part, thus e.g. 63.75 is represented as 0xFF. Reference coordinates are loaded into the RF register REFCOORD. Before writing to REFCOORD, a 1 must be written to the register bit LOCENG.REFLD to indic ate that a s et of reference coordinates are being written. Once the coo rdinate load p rocess com mences (LOCENG.REFLD =1), 16 co ordinate pairs must always be written. However, it is possible for the Locat ion Engine to use le ss than 1 6 reference coordinates, by marking ce rtain reference co ordinates a s unused. Ze ros sh all be used to fill the unused reference coordinate slots, and they will be interpreted as unused when 0.0 is loaded as the RSSI value fo r those reference coordinates. The refe rence coo rdinates are written in the order [x0, y0, x1, y1, …, x15, y15] to the register REFCOORD. After all coordinates have been written, a 0 is writte n to the regi ster bit LOCENG.REFLD.

2.1.2 Measured Parameters

After the reference coo rdinates h ave bee n written, a set of measured parameters must be input to t he Lo cation Engin e. The se parameters consi st of two radio parameters: Four search bounda ry coordi nates a nd 16 RSSI values. The radi o para meters are the values A an d n. These radio p arameters a re used in the Engine’s algorithm used to find the estimated location. The parameters A and n can b e adju sted to descri be the pro pagation environment in which a network of devices will operate.

2.1.2.1 Param eter Definitions

The mea sured paramete rs a re de scribed in this section together with how these should be estimated.

2.1.2.1.1 Parameter A

The radio p arameter A is define d as the absolute valu e of the average power in dBm received at a clo se-in re ference di stance of one mete r from the tran smitter, assu ming an omni-directional radiation patte rn. F or example, if the mean received power at one meter is -40 dBm, the parameter A is specified as 40. The Engine expects the parameter A to be in the range [30.0, 50.0] with pre cision 0.5. The parameter A is given as an un signed fixed- point value where the LSB bit i s the fractional bit and the remaining bits are the i nteger part. A typical value for A is 40.0.

2.1.2.1.2 Parameter n

The radio parameter n is defined a s the path loss exponent that describes the rate at which the sig nal power d ecays with in creasing distance fro m the transmitter. This decay is proportional to d-n where d i s the di stance between transmitter and receiver. The a ctual p arameter n value written to the Location En gine is a n integer in dex value selected from a lookup table shown in Table 2. As an exam ple, in the case when the value n=2.98 is f ound f rom measurements, the closest available value of n in the lookup table is 3.00, co rresponding to index 13. The refore, the integer value 13 i s used for the parameter n written to the Location Engine. Refer to sect ion 2.1.2.1.3 in ord er to fi nd the value for n to be used. CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 7 of 15

Table 2: n parameter lookup table n index n n index n 0 1.000 16 3.375 1 1.250 17 3.500 2 1.500 18 3.625 3 1.750 19 3.750 4 1.875 20 3.875 5 2.000 21 4.000 6 2.125 22 4.125 7 2.250 23 4.250 8 2.375 24 4.375 9 2.500 25 4.500 10 2.625 26 4.625 11 2.750 27 5.000 12 2.875 28 5.500 13 3.000 29 6.000 14 3.125 30 7.000 15 3.250 31 8.000 The p arameter n i s written to the Location Engine as an integer index in the range [0, 31] as the index is given as an integer value with no fractional bits, e.g. the value n = 7 is loaded as 00000111. The typical value for n depends on the environment.

2.1.2.1.3 Parameter Estimation

The paramet ers A a nd n ca n b e e stimated empirically by colle cting RSSI data (and therefore pa th loss dat a) for whi ch the distances b etween the tran smitting an d receiving d evices are known. Fig ure 2 is a scatter plot of abs(RSSI ) data versus log distance in meters. A least-squares best-fit line is used to glean the specific values of A and n for the environment i n which the data were measured:

• A is the y-intercept of the line, and
• n is the slope of the line The data in Figure 2 give A=42.4 and n=2.98 for that e nvironment. Note that the plot in thi s example does not sh ow the actu al y-intercept i.e. the point on the line where x=0. The value of A loaded i nto the en gine in thi s case would by 42.5. The value of n loaded into the engine, is seen to be 13 from Table 2. CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 8 of 15

10*log10(distance) Path Loss (dB) Figure 2: Path loss vs. log distance

2.1.2.1.4 Search Boundary Coordinates

It is possible to redu ce error an d e stimation time by sett ing search boundaries f or the estimated lo cation X a nd Y coo rdinates. The maximum area that can be considered is with X and Y in the interval [0.0, 63.75] meters. Assume that the Location Engine search is to be limited to include only the recta ngular area bounded by the co ordinates [x min, y min] and [xmax, ymax]. Four search boundary parameters are entered in the following order: xmin, xdelta , ymin, ydelta where: xdelta = xmax - xmin ydelta = ymax - ymin Note that even when it is ch osen to search in the whole possible se arch sp ace, these coordinates must be entered as th e coordinates for the whole sp ace, i.e. the If s ome input parameters are omitt ed the Location Engine will not estimate correctly.

2.1.2.1.5 RSSI Values

The RSSI values a re the RSSI measurements corresponding to th e set of reference coordinates. The RSSI values a re with in the interval [-40 dBm, -95 dBm] with preci sion 0.5 dBm. The n egative sig n is remove d in the value written. As a n example, in the ca se where the value RSSI = -50.35 dB, thi s would be written into the location engine as 50.5. Note that a value of 0.0 must be written as RSSI value f or unused reference coordinates, if less tha n 16 reference nodes are use d. The engine will n ot function correctly if onl y some of the parameters are loaded.

2.1.2.2 Loading Parameters

All measu red para meters de scribed in the previous sections are lo aded into t he RF register MEASPARM. Before writing to MEASPARM, a 1 must be written to the register bit LOCENG.PARLD to indic ate that a s et of measured parameters are being written. Once the paramet er loa d proce ss co mmences CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 9 of 15

(LOCENG.PARLD =1), all 22 parameters must be written. The me asured paramete rs must be written in the order [A, n, xmin, xdelta, ymin, ydelta, rssi0, rssi1, …, rssi 15] to the MEASPARM regi ster. Once the paramet er loa d proce ss co mmences (LOCENG.PARLD = 1) i t m ust b e c ompleted with all 22 p arameters. Includ ed in the se a re the 16 RSSI values which must be all written, so any unused slots must be written as zeros. After all 22 parameters have been written, a 0 must b e written to the re gister bit LOCENG.PARLD.

2.1.3 Location Estimation

The e stimated location coordinates are given in meters in the interval [0.0, 63.75] with resolution 0. 25 m. T he d ata form at u ses the LSB bit as the fractional part. When refe rence coordinates and m easured parameters have been l oaded, the locatio n estimate is calculated by writing 1 to the LOCENG.RUN regi ster bit. The est imated coordinates can be read from the LOCX and LOCY registers when LOCENG.DONE is set to 1. The time until estimated coordinates can be read vari es with th e se arch boundary parameters, from 50 µ s to 13 ms (with 32 MHz sy stem clo ck) af ter LOCENG.RUN wa s set to 1. T he L ocation Engine do es not produce any interrupt requests. The value of the X coo rdinate estimate given by LOCX includes an offset value which must be removed to obtain the actual X coordinate. The offset re moval mu st be p erformed after reading the LOCX register, to obtain the actual X value as follows: X = (XLOCX - xmin +1) % ( xdelta+ 1) + xmin Where X LOCX is the valu e read from register LOCX, and xmin and x delta are the boundary parameters used as inputs to limit the search the Y coordinate read LOCY from can be used directly. The estimated coordinates remain valid in the LOCX and LOCY regi sters u ntil ne w re sults have been calculated or until a reset. Note that LOCENG.EN must b e 1 duri ng operation of the Location Engine.

2.2 Location Engine Register

This section descri bes the RF registe rs associated with the Locat ion Engine. These registers are:

• LOCENG - Location Engine control and status
• REFCOORD - Reference coordinates input
• MEASPARM - Measured parameters input
• LOCX - Location estimate X coordinate
• LOCY - Location estimate Y coordinate The RF regi sters resi de in XDATA m emory space. T able 3 give s a n overview of registe r addresses while the rem aining table s in this section describe each register in detail. Refer also to section 1 for Register conventions. For the remaining RF regis ters refer to the CC2430 Data Sheet. CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 10 of 15

Table 3 : Overview of Location Engine RF registers XDATA Address Register name Description 0xDF55 REFCOORD Reference coordinates input 0xDF56 MEASPARM Measured parameters input 0xDF57 LOCENG Location Engine control and status 0xDF58 LOCX Location estimate X coordinate 0xDF59 LOCY Location estimate Y coordinate 0xDF60 CHVER Chip Version 0xDF61 CHIPID Chip Identification REFCOORD (0xDF55) Bit Name Reset R/W Description 7:0 REFCOORD 0 R/W Location Engine reference coordinate [x0, y0, x1, y1, … x15, y15] MEASPARM (0xDF56) Bit Name Reset R/W Description 7:0 MEASPARM 0 R/W Location Engine measured parameters of channel and reference nodes [A, n, xmin, xdelta, ymin, ydelta, rssi0, rssi1, …, rssi15] LOCENG (0xDF57) Bit Name Reset R/W Description 7:5 - 00 R0 Reserved, read as 0.

4 EN 0 R/W Enable location engine

0 Disable location engine

1 Enable location engine

3 DONE 0 R Estimation completed. After 1 has been written to RUN, this bit is cleared and then set to 1 when the estimated data is ready. 2 PARLD 0 R/W Load parameters. This bit shall be written as 1 before the set of parameters are written to MEASPARM. Write 0 to this bit after the last parameter has been written. 1 REFLD 0 R/W Load reference coordinates. This bit shall be written as 1 before the set of coordinates are written to REFCOORD. Write 0 to this bit after the last coordinate has been written. 0 RUN 0 R0W1 Location estimate start. This bit shall be written as 1 when desired coordinates and parameters have been written to REFCOORD and MEASPARM registers. Estimation process starts when 1 is written to this bit. Always read as LOCX (0xDF58) Bit Name Reset R/W Description 7:0 LOCX 00h R Location estimate X coordinate with offset. CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 11 of 15

LOCY (0xDF59) Bit Name Reset R/W Description 7:0 LOCY 00h R Location estimate Y coordinate. CHVER (0xDF60) Bit Name Reset R/W Description 7:0 VERSION[7:0] 0x03 R Chip revision number. The current die revision is as follows: 0x04 : Die revision E The current number in VERSION[7:0] may not be consistent with past or future die revisions of this product CHIPID (0xDF61) Bit Name Reset R/W Description 7:0 CHIPID[7:0] 0x89 R Chip identification number. Always read as 0x89.

3 Ordering Information

Table 4: Ordering Information Ordering part number Description MOQ CC2431RTC CC2431, QLP48 package, RoHS compliant Pb-free assembly, trays with 260 pcs per tray, 128 Kbytes in-system programmable flash memory, System-on-chip RF transceiver. 260 CC2431RTCR CC2431, QLP48 package, RoHS compliant Pb-free assembly, T&R with 2500 pcs per reel, 128 Kbytes in-system programmable flash memory, System-on-chip RF transceiver. 2500 CC2431ZRTC CC2431, QLP48 package, RoHS compliant Pb-free assembly, trays with 260 pcs per tray, 128 Kbytes in-system programmable flash memory, System-on-chip RF transceiver, including royalty for using TI’s ZigBee® Software Stack, Z-Stack™, in an end p roduct 260 CC2431ZRTCR CC2431, QLP48 package, RoHS compliant Pb-free assembly, T&R with 2500 pcs per reel, 128 Kbytes in-system programmable flash memory, System-on-chip RF transceiver, including royalty for using TI’s ZigBee® Software Stack, Z-Stack™, in an end prod uct 2500 CC2431DK CC2431 Development Kit 1 CC2431ZDK CC2431 ZigBee® Development Kit 1 CC2431EMK CC2431 Evaluation Module Kit 1 MOQ = Minimum Order Quantity T&R = tape and reel CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 12 of 15

4 General Information

4.1 Docume nt History

Table 5: Document History Revision Date Description/Changes 2.01 2007-05-30 First data sheet for released product. Preliminary data sheets exist for engineering samples and pre-production prototype devices, but these data sheets are not complete and may be incorrect in some aspects compared with the released product. CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 13 of 15

5 Address Information

Texas Instruments Norway AS Gaustadalléen 21 N-0349 Oslo NORWAY Tel: +47 22 95 85 44 Fax: +47 22 95 85 46 Web site: http://www.ti.com/lpw

6 TI Worldwide Technical Support

TI Semiconductor Product Information Center Home Page: support.ti.com TI Semiconductor KnowledgeBase Home Page: support.ti.com/sc/knowledgebase Product Information Centers Americas Phone: + 1(972) 644-5580 Fax: + 1(972) 927-6377 Internet/Email: support.ti.com/sc/pic/americas.htm Europe, Middle East and Africa Phone: Belgium (English) +32 (0) 27 45 54 32 Finland (English) +358 (0) 9 25173948 France +33 (0) 1 30 70 11 64 Germany +49 (0) 8161 80 33 11 Israel (English) 180 949 0107 Italy 800 79 11 37 Netherlands (English) +31 (0) 546 87 95 45 Russia +7 (0) 95 363 4824 Spain +34 902 35 40 28 Sweden (English) +46 (0) 8587 555 22 United Kingdom +44 (0) 1604 66 33 99 Fax: +49 (0) 8161 80 2045 Internet: support.ti.com/sc/pic/euro.htm Japan Fax International +81-3-3344-5317 Domestic 012 0-81-0036 Internet/Email International support.ti.com/sc/pic/japan.htm Domestic www.tij.co.jp/pic CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 14 of 15

Phone International +886-2-23786800 Domestic Toll-Free Number Australia 1-800-999-084 China 800- 820-8682 Hong Kong 800-96-5941 India + 91-80-51381665 (Toll) Indonesia 001-803-8861-1006 Korea 080- 551-2804 Malaysia 1-800-80-3973 New Zealand 0800-446-934 Philippines 1-800-765-7404 Singapore 800-886-1028 Taiwan 0800-006800 Thailand 001-800-886-0010 Fax + 886-2-2378-6808 Email tiasia@ti.com or ti-china@ti.com Internet support.ti.com/sc/pic/asia.htm CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 15 of 15

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