DATASHEET SEARCH SITE | WWW.ALLDATASHEET.COM
Document overview
- Manufacturer or author: Provided By ALLDATASHEET.COM(FREE DATASHEET DOWNLOAD SITE)
- PDF pages: 11
Technical content
Features
Universal input with PFC Constant power characteristic 3 front panel LEDs: 1-input;2-output; 3 - fault Remote ON/OFF control of the 48VDC output Remote sense on the 48VDC output No minimum load requirements Redundant parallel operation Active load sharing (single wire) Hot Plug-ability Efficiency: typically 91% @ 50% load Standby 5VDC Auto recoverable OC & OT protection Operating temperature: 0 - 70C (de-rated above 50C) Digital status & control: I2C serial bus EN/IEC/UL60950-1 2nd edition; UL, CSA and VDE EMI: class A FCC docket 20780 part 15, EN55022 Meets EN6100 immunity and transient standards Shock & vibration: NEBS GR-63-CORE, level 3
Applications
48VDC distributed power architectures Cellular Base Stations Blade Servers Network Equipment Network Attached Storage Telecom Access Nodes Routers/Switches Broadband Switches ATE Equipment
Description
The CAR1248FP series of rectifiers provide highly efficient isolated +48VDC power from worldwide input mains in a compact density of 19W/in3 within a 1U industry standard form factor. The high-density, front-to-back airflow is designed for minimal space utilization and is highly expandable for future growth. I2C communications offers remote control and monitoring capabilities. * UL is a registered trademark of Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. † CSA is a registered trademark of Canadian Standards Association. ‡ VDE is a trademark of Verband Deutscher Elektrotechniker e.V. § Intended for integration into end-user equipment. All the requir ed procedures for CE marking of end-user equipment should be followed. (The CE mark is placed on selected products.) ** ISO is a registered trademark of the International Organization of Standards. RoHS Compliant
CAR1248FP series rectifier Input: 90VAC to 264VAC; Output: 48VDC @ 1200W; 5 VDC @ 0.5A February 26, 2013 ©2013 General Electr ic Company. All rights reserved. Page 2 Absolute Maximum Ratings Stresses in excess of the absolute maximum ratings can cause permanent damage to the device. These are absolute stress ratings only, functional operation of the device is not implied at these or any other conditions in excess of those given in the operations sections of the data sheet. Exposure to absolute maximum ratings for extended periods can adversely affect the device reliability. Parameter Symbol Min Max Unit Input Voltage: Continuous V IN 0 264 V AC Operating Ambient Temperature T A -10 70 1 °C Storage Temperature T stg -40 85 °C I/O Isolation voltage to Frame (100% factory Hi-Pot tested) 1500 V AC Electrical Specifications Unless otherwise indicated, specifications apply over all operating input voltage, load, and temperature conditions. INPUT Parameter Symbol Min Typ Max Unit Operational Range V IN 90 110/230 264 V AC Frequency Range FIN 47 50/60 63 Hz Main Output Turn_OFF VIN 80 V AC Maximum Input Current (IOUT=IO, max) VIN= 180VAC IIN 7.9
12.75 AAC VIN= 100VAC
Cold Start Inrush Current IIN 40 A peak (Excluding x-caps, 25C, <10ms, per ETSI 300-132) Efficiency 91 % (TAMB=25C, VIN= 230VAC, VOUT= 48VDC, IOUT=IO, max) Power Factor (VIN=230VAC, IOUT=IO, max) PF 0.99 Holdup time Vin= 230VAC (VOUT= 48VDC, TAMB 25C, IOUT=IO, max) VIN= 90VAC T 16.7 20 ms Early warning prior to loss of DC output below regulation 2 ms Ride through T 8.3 ms Leakage Current (Vin= 250VAC, Fin = 60Hz) IIN 3 mA rms Isolation Input/Output
3000 V AC
Parameter Symbol Min Typ Max Unit Output Power 180 – 264 VAC W 0 - 1200 W 90 – 132VAC 0 - 1000 W Set point VOUT 47.76 48.00 48.24 V DC Overall regulation (load, temperature, aging) -3 +3 % Ripple and noise2 540 mVp-p Turn-ON overshoot +3 % 1 Derated above 50C at 2.5%/C 2 Measured across a 10µf electrolytic and a 0.1µf ceramic capacitors in parallel. 20MHz bandwidth
CAR1248FP series rectifier Input: 90VAC to 264VAC; Output: 48VDC @ 1200W; 5 VDC @ 0.5A February 26, 2013 ©2013 General Electr ic Company. All rights reserved. Page 3 48VDC MAIN OUTPUT (continued) Parameter Symbol Min Typ Max Unit Turn-ON delay T 2 sec Remote ON/OFF delay time 40 ms Turn-ON rise time (10 – 90% of VOUT) 50 ms Transient response 50% step [10%-60%, 50% - 100%] (dI/dt – 1A/µs, recovery 300µs) VOUT -5 +5 %V OUT Programmable range (hardware & software) 42.8 56 VDC Overvoltage protection, latched (recovery by cycling OFF/ON via hardware or software) IOUT 58 59 60 VDC Output current Vin – high line Vin – low line 0 25
20.8 ADC
Current limit, Hiccup (programmable level) 110 130 % of FL Active current share -10 +10 % of FL STANDBY OUTPUT Parameter Symbol Min Typ Max Unit Set point V OUT 5.0 V DC Overall regulation (load, temperature, aging) V OUT -5 +5 % Ripple and noise 50 mVp-p Output current I OUT 0 0.5 A DC Overload protection - 1.5 A DC Isolation Output/Frame 500 VDC General Specifications Parameter Min Typ Max Units Notes Reliability 100,000 Hrs Full load, 50C ; MTBF per SR232 Reliability protection for electronic equipment, method I, case III, Service Life 10 Yrs Full load, excluding fans Weight Kgs (Lbs) Feature Specifications Unless otherwise indicated, specifications apply over all operating input voltage, resistive load, and temperature conditions. See Feature Descriptions for additional information. Parameter Symbol Min Typ Max Unit Remote ON/OFF (Needs to be pulled HI via an external resistor) Logic High (Module ON) I IH 20 µA V IH 0.7VDD 12 V DC Logic Low (Module OFF) I IL 1 mA V IL 0 0.8 V DC Feature Specifications (continued)
CAR1248FP series rectifier Input: 90VAC to 264VAC; Output: 48VDC @ 1200W; 5 VDC @ 0.5A February 26, 2013 ©2013 General Electr ic Company. All rights reserved. Page 4 Parameter Symbol Min Typ Max Unit Output Voltage programming (Vprog) Equation: VOUT = 43.2 +3.3 (Vprog -0.364) Vprog range V prog 0.364 3.27 V DC Programmed output voltage range Vo 43.2 52.8 V DC Voltage adjustment resolution (8-bit A/D) Vo 12 mVDC Output configured to the 48VDC set-point V prog 4.0 VDC Enable [short pin controlling presence of the 48VDC output] 48V output OFF V I 0.7VDD 12 V DC 48V output ON V I 0 0.8 V DC Write protect (Wp) Write protect enabled V I 0.7VDD 12 V DC Write protect disabled V I 0 0.8 V DC INPUT-OK (Needs to be pulled HI via an external resistor) Logic High (Input within normal range) I OH 20 µA V OH 0.7VDD 12 V DC Logic Low (Input out of range) I OL 20 mA V OL 0 0.4 V DC DC-OK ( Internally connected to 3.3V via a 10kΩ resistor) Logic High (Output voltage is present) I OH 20 µA V OH 0.7VDD 12 V DC Logic Low (Output voltage is not present) I OL 20 mA V OL 0 0.4 V DC Over Temperature Warning (Needs to be pulled HI via an external it ) Logic High (temperature within normal range) I OH 20 µA V OH 0.7VDD 12 V DC Logic Low (temperature is too high) I OL 20 mA V OL 0 0.4 V DC Delayed shutdown after Logic Low transition Tdelay 10 sec Fault (Needs to be pulled HI via an external resistor) Logic High (No fault is present) I OH 20 µA V OH 0.7VDD 12 V DC Logic Low (Fault is present) I OL 20 mA V OL 0 0.4 V DC PS Present (Needs to be pulled HI via an external resistor) Logic High (Power supply is not plugged in) Logic Low (Power supply is present) V IL 0 0.1 V DC SMBAlert# (Interrupt) (Needs to be pulled HI via an external resistor) Logic High (No Alert - normal) I OH 20 µA V OH 0.7VDD 12 V DC Logic Low (Alert is set) I OL 4 mA V OL 0 0.4 V DC
CAR1248FP series rectifier Input: 90VAC to 264VAC; Output: 48VDC @ 1200W; 5 VDC @ 0.5A February 26, 2013 ©2013 General Electr ic Company. All rights reserved. Page 5 Parameter Symbol Min Typ Max Unit Output current monitor (Imon) Resolution 0.2 V/A Measurement range Io 0 25 A DC Analog output range V mon 0 5 V DC Sourced output current 5 mA DC Digital Interface Specifications Parameter Conditions Symbol Min Typ Max Unit Signal Interface Characteristics Input Logic High Voltage (CLK, DATA) V IH 2.1 5.5 V DC Input Logic Low Voltage (CLK, DATA) V IL 0 0.8 V DC Input high sourced current (CLK, DATA) I IH 0 10 μA Output Low sink Voltage (CLK, DATA, SMBALERT#) I OUT=3.5mA V OL 0.4 V DC Output Low sink current (CLK, DATA, SMBALERT#) I OL 3.5 mA Output High open drain leakage current (CLK,DATA, SMBALERT#) VOUT=5.5V I OH 0 10 μA Operating frequency range Slave Mode F PMB 10 400 kHz Measurement System Characteristics Clock stretching tSTRETCH 25 ms
CAR1248FP series rectifier Input: 90VAC to 264VAC; Output: 48VDC @ 1200W; 5 VDC @ 0.5A February 26, 2013 ©2013 General Electr ic Company. All rights reserved. Page 6 Environmental Specifications Parameter Min Typ Max Units Notes Ambient Temperature -103 70 °C Derated above 50C Storage Temperature -40 85 °C Operating Altitude 2250/7382 m/ft Non-operating Altitude 8200/30k m / ft Power Derating with Temperature 2.5 %/°C 50C to 70C Power Derating with Altitude 2.0 C/301 m C/1000 ft Above 2250 m/7382 ft Acoustic noise 55 dbA Full load Over Temperature Protection 120/110 °C Shutdown / restart Humidity Operating Storage % Relative humidity, non-condensing Shock and Vibration acceleration 6 Grms NEBS GR-63-CORE, Level 3, 20 - 2000Hz, min 30 minutes Earthquake Rating Zone NEBS GR-63-CORE, all floors, Seismic Zone 4 Designed and tested to meet NEBS specifications. EMC Compliance Parameter Criteria Standard Level Test AC input Conducted emissions EN55022, FCC Docket 20780 part 15, subpart J A 0.15 – 30MHz Radiated emissions EN55022 A 30 – 10000MHz AC input immunity Voltage dips EN61000-4-11 A -30%, 10ms B -60%, 100ms B -100%, 5sec Voltage surge EN61000-4-5 A 4kV, 1.2/50µs, common mode A 2kV, 1.2/50µs, differential mode Fast transients EN61000-4-4 B 5/50ns, 2kV (common mode) Enclosure immunity Conducted RF fields EN61000-4-6 A 130dBµV, 0.15-80MHz, 80% AM Radiated RF fields EN61000-4-3 A 10V/m, 80-1000MHz, 80% AM ENV 50140 A ESD EN61000-4-2 B 4kV contact, 8kV air Radiated emissions compliance is contingent upon the final system configuration. 3 Designed to start at an ambient down to -40°C; meet spec after 30 min warm up period, may not meet operational limits below -10°C.
CAR1248FP series rectifier Input: 90VAC to 264VAC; Output: 48VDC @ 1200W; 5 VDC @ 0.5A 12 April 2012 ©2012 General Electr ic Company. All rights reserved. Page 7 Control and Status Analog controls: Details of analog controls are provided in this data sheet under Signal Definitions. Common ground: All signals and outputs are referenced to Output return. These include ‘Vstb return’ and ‘Signal return’. Control Signals Voltage programming (Vprog): An analog voltage on this signal can vary the output voltage from 43.2VDC to 52.8VDC. The equation of this signal is: If Vprog is ≥ 4V, or left open the programming signal is ignored and the unit output is set at the setpoint of 48VDC. Load share (Ishare): Single wire analog signal between power supplies connected in parallel. The Ishare pins should be tied together for power supplies. No resistors or capacitors should get connected to this pin. Remote ON/OFF: Controls the presence of the main 48VDC output voltage. This is an open collector, TTL level control signal. Logic 1 turns ON the 48VDC output, while a Logic 0 turns OFF the 48VDC output. A turn OFF command either through this signal or firmware commanded would turn OFF the 48V output. Enable: This is a short signal pin that controls the presence of the 48VDC main output. This pin should be connected to ‘output return’ on the system side of the output connector. The purpose of this pin is to ensure that the output turns ON after engagement of the power blades and turns OFF prior to disengagement of the power blades. Write protect (WP): This signal protects the contents of the external EEPROM. When left open the EEPROM is write protected. A LO permits writing to the EEPROM. This signal is pulled HI internally by the power supply. Status signals Output current monitor (Imon): A voltage level proportional to the output current is present on this pin. AC OK: TTL compatible open collector. A (HI) on this signal indicates that the input voltage is present within limits. DC OK: TTL compatible, open collector. A (HI) on this signal indicates that the output voltage is present. Over temp warning: TTL compatible, open collector. A (HI) on this signal indicates that temperatures are normal. If an over temperature should occur, this signal changes to LO for 10 seconds prior to shutdown. Unit restarts if internal temperatures recover to normal operational levels. Fault: TTL compatible, open collector. A (HI) on this signal indicates that no faults are present. This signal activates for OTP, OVP, OCP, or AC fault. PS Present: Connected to ‘output return’. Its intent is to indicate to the system that a power supply is present. This signal may need to be pulled HI externally through a resistor. Interrupt: A TTL compatible status signal. Needs to be pulled HI externally through a resistor. Open collector (HI) on this signal indicates that no Interrupt has been triggered. Serial Bus Communications – CAR1248FPxC The I²C interface facilitates the monitoring and control of various operating parameters within the unit and transmits these on demand over an industry standard I²C Serial bus. All signals are referenced to ‘Signal Return’. Device addressing: The microcontroller (MCU) and the EEPROM have the following addresses: Device Address Bit Assignments (Most to Least Significant) MCU 1 0 1 1 A2 A1 A0 R/W EEPROM 1 0 1 0 A2 A1 A0 R/W Address lines (A2, A1, A0): Up to eight (8) modules to be addressed on a single I²C bus. The pins are pulled HI internal to the power supply. For a logic LO connect to ‘Output Return’ Serial Clock (SCL): Host generated, this signal needs to be pulled up externally ensuring that rise and fall time timing and the maximum sink current is in compliance to the I²C specification. Serial Data (SDA): This is a bi-directional line that needs to be pulled up externally ensuring that rise and fall time timing and the maximum sink current is in compliance to the I²C specification. Command code: All registers are 16 bits, written as LSB followed by MSB. All A/D’s are 10 bit (1024 steps). All constants can be fine-tuned to compensate for manufacturing tolerances; Name CMD Access Default /Name Bits Constant VOUT 00 R 48 0.102 IOUT 01 R - 0.042 Temperature 02 R - 0.005 ON/OFF 03 R/W 1 – OFF, 0 – ON Ilimit 04 R/W 28.6 0.042 Vset 05 R/W 48 0.094 Vprog 06 R V OUT=43.2 + 3.3 (Vprog – 0.364) OT trip 07 R/W 120 0.0049 OT recover 08 R/W 110 0.005 DC_OK_HI 09 R/W 67.5 0.102 DC_OK_LO 0A R/W 28.9 0.102 STATUS 0B R Input 0 1-LL AC_OK 1 1-normal DC_OK 2 OT 3 Fault 4 Intrpt 5 OV 6 DC_INT 7 Firmware 0C R EEPROM 0D- R/W
CAR1248FP series rectifier Input: 90VAC to 264VAC; Output: 48VDC @ 1200W; 5 VDC @ 0.5A February 26, 2013 ©2013 General Electr ic Company. All rights reserved. Page 8 VOUT [00]: Output voltage read back, returns the voltage on the anode side of the or’ing function, data LSB followed by MSB. The default value is 48VDC Example; readback 01EBh, convert into its decimal equivalent and then multiply by the constant, VOUT = 491 x 0.102 = 50.08VDC IOUT [01]: Output current read back, data LSB followed by MSB. Example; readback 021Fh, convert into its decimal equivalent and multiply by the constant, IOUT=543 x 0.042 = 22.8A Temperature [02]: Temperature read back, data LSB followed by MSB. Example; readback 037Bh, convert into its decimal equivalent and multiply by the xonstant, temp = 891 x 0.0049 = 4.36. In the table below this corresponds to 25C Data Temp Data Temp Data Temp 4.83 -5 3.71 45 1.7 95 4.78 0 3.51 50 1.54 100 4.72 5 3.3 55 1.4 105 4.65 10 3.09 60 1.26 110 4.56 15 2.88 65 1.14 115 4.46 20 2.67 70 1.03 120 4.35 25 2.46 75 0.93 125 4.21 30 2.25 80 0.84 130 4.06 35 2.06 85 3.89 40 1.88 90 ON/OFF [03]: A logic ‘1’ turns OFF the 48V output of the power supply. Ilim [04]: This feature lowers the current limit from the default values of 02A8h (680), corresponding to 28.6A at high line and 0265h (613) corresponding to 25.8A at low line. The delivered output current cannot exceed the maximum power capacity of the unit. Thus, at high line the power supply is limited to 1200W, thus, at 28.6A the output voltage is limited to 41.96VDC, Example: At high line, reduce the current limit to 20A. Compute the data to be sent to the controller; 20 / 0.042 = 476. The hex equivalent of this decimal data is 01DCh. The data should be sent across the bus as LSB [DC] followed by MSB [01]. Vset [05]: Changes the output voltage via i2c, if the Vprog hardware signal is > 4VDC. If the Vprog pin voltage level is < 4VDC, this command is ignored. The output voltage setting must be between 42.8 – 56VDC. The default value is 01FEh, corresponding to 48VDC. Example; set the output to 54VDC. Compute the data to be sent to the controller; 54 / 0.094 = 574. The hex equivalent of this decimal data is 023Eh. The data should be sent across the bus as LSB [3E] followed by MSB [02]. Vprog [06]; Reads back the hardware configured analog voltage program value via i2c. The value can range from 0.364V to 3.27V. Example: set the output to 44V DC. From the equation determine that Vprog = 0.6. The 10bit D/A is set for the range of 0 – 5V DC, therefore with a resolution of 1024 bits each bit is 0.00488V. So the corresponding value to enter is 0.6/0.00488 = 123 decimal. This corresponds to 7Bh. The data should be sent across the bus as LSB [7B] followed by MSB [00]. OT trip[07] and OT recover[08]; Configures the OT shutdown and recovery levels. The default values are; OT trip: 120C corresponds to 1.03/0.00488 = D3h OT recover: 110C that corresponds to 1.26/0.0049 = 0102h Example: Change the recovery temperature to 100C. In the look up table above the corresponding level is 1.54. Divide by the conversion ration, 1.54/0.0049 = 315 dec. Converting to its hex equivalent yields 013B hex. The data should be sent across the bus as LSB [3B] followed by MSB [01]. DC_OK_HI[09] and DC_OK_LO[0A]: Changes the DC_OK signal comparator level. The default values are; DC_OK_HI: 02CDh, corresponding to 67.5V DC_OK_LO: 0133h, corresponding to 28.9V Example: Change the upper level of comparison to 55V. Determine the corresponding register value setting; 55/0.0941 = 584dec. This is equivalent to 0248h. The data should be sent across the bus as LSB [48] followed by MSB [02]. STATUS [0B]: All read backs are two bytes and so read back two bytes but ignore the MSB. Firmware [0C]: Reads back the latest firmware revision. MCUeeprom [0D – 7C]: 125 bytes of information may be stored in the EEPROM section of the micro controller starting from register location 0Dh. Each byte of data needs to be stored into its specific register location, one byte at a time. External EEPROM A separate EEPROM, with its own i2c address and with write_protect capability, provides 128 bytes of memory. This is a standard i2c compliant generic EEPROM with a single byte for its memory location. Standard i2c command structure applies. The following FRU_ID information is stored in this EEPROM Start Location Length Value Description 00 7 Serial number, ascii 07 1 20 space 08 4 Date code [YYWW] ascii 0C 1 20 space 0D 17 Code CAR1248FPBXXXX1A ascii 1E 1 20 space
CAR1248FP series rectifier Input: 90VAC to 264VAC; Output: 48VDC @ 1200W; 5 VDC @ 0.5A February 26, 2013 ©2013 General Electr ic Company. All rights reserved. Page 9 LEDs Three LEDs are located on the front faceplate. The AC_OK LED provides visual indication of the INPUT signal function. When the LED is ON GREEN the power supply input is within normal design limits. When the DC_OK LED is GREEN the DC output is present. When the FAULT_LED is RED then a fault condition exists and the power supply may not provide output power. The table below further defines these states: I/O Expander option The CAR1248FPx without extended i2c communications (blank under the software option) has a single status/control byte I/O expander that is accessible via address 0 x 4Eh (A2, A1, A0 are pilled HI). This byte takes the form; 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 n/s n/s Fault ON/OFF Temp_OK n/s DCOK ACOK n/s – not supported Bits 0, 1, 3, and 5 are ‘read_only’ and are HI [1] during normal operation. The rectifier needs to be biased externally in order to ‘read’ its operational state without the presence of input power. Bit 4 is a ‘read/write’ bit that can be used to verify the ON/OFF commanded state or change the commanded output of the rectifier. In order to turn the output OFF this bit needs to be pulled LO [0]. No PEC support is provided. Standard i2c commands apply. Alarm Table Test Condition LED Indicator Monitoring Signals AC OK DC OK FAULT FAULT DC OK AC OK TEMP OK
1 Normal Operation Green Green OFF High High High High
2 Low or NO INPUT OFF OFF OFF Low Low Low High
3 OVP Green OFF Red Low Low High High
4 Over Current Green OFF Red High Low High High
5 Over Temp Fault Green OFF Red Low Low High Low
Note: Test condition #2 has 2 modules working in parallel. One module is running and the other has no AC. Connector FCI Berg P/N: 51939-070 Mating connector: FCI Berg P/N: 51915-050 Pin Function Pin Function Pin Function Pin Function A1 Vstb B1 Fault C1 ISHARE D1 VProg A2 Vstb Return B2 I Monitor (IMON) C2 N/C D2 OVP Test Point A3 Signal Return B3 Enable: “0” –ON “1” -OFF C3 Over Temp Warning D3 Remote ON/OFF A4 Write Protect (WP) B4 PS Present C4 I 2C Address (A0) D4 DC OK A5 Remote Sense (+) B5 SDA (I 2C bus) C5 I 2C Address (A1) D5 AC OK A6 Remote Sense (-) B6 SCL (I 2C bus) C6 I 2C Address (A2) D6 Interrupt P1 Line P2 Neutral P3 Chassis P4 +V OUT P5 Output Return
CAR1248FP series rectifier Input: 90VAC to 264VAC; Output: 48VDC @ 1200W; 5 VDC @ 0.5A February 26, 2013 ©2013 General Electric Company. All rights reserved. Page 10 Outline Drawing
CAR1248FP series rectifier Input: 90VAC to 264VAC; Output: 48VDC @ 1200W; 5 VDC @ 0.5A Contact Us For more information, call us at USA/Canada: +1 888 546 3243, or +1 972 244 9288 Asia-Pacific: +86.021.54279977*808 Europe, Middle-East and Africa: +49.89.878067-280 India: +91.80.28411633 www.ge.com/powerelectronics February 26, 2013 ©2013 General Electric Company. All rights reserved. Page 11
Ordering Information
Please contact your GE Energy Sales Representative for pricing, availability and optional features. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION PART NUMBER 1200W Front-End +48V OUT Front-End, 5VSTDBY, CAR1248FPXXXZ01A 1200W Front-End +48V OUT Front-End, 5VSTDBY, w/bezel CAR1248FPBXXZ01A 1200W Front-End +48V OUT Front-End, 5VSTDBY , w/bezel, i2c communications CAR1248FPBCXZ01A PART NUMBER DEFINITION GUIDE EXAMPLE CAR 12 48 FP x x x Z 01 A RTM RoHS Blank – non compliant Y – 5 of 6 compliant Z – 6 of 6 compliant Options B – bezel C – i2c option R – reverse airflow Vsb – 3 or 5 Power 12 = 1200W Output voltage 48 = 48Vdc Type FP – AC; V o-positive TN – AC; Vo-negative DC - DC TE – AC; high efficiency A – Standard model