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Lighting Imaging Telecom Sensors Channel Photomultipliers Channel Photomultipliers Overview and Specifications

Description

PerkinElmer Optoelectronics, for- merly EG&G Optoelectronics, is pleased to introduce the Channel Photomultiplier (CPM), a new ultra high sensitivity optical detector which replaces conventional photo- multipliers (PMTs) and avalanche photo diodes (APDs). This device uses a unique detector principle, re- sulting in a compact design with ul- tra high gain, high dynamic range, extremely low dark current, and fast response. This high-performance detector offers fundamental advantages for analytical instrumentation applications such as emission spectroscopy, flourescence, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and bio and chemo luminescence. The CPM also delivers important advan- tages in life science products, indus- trial and medical equipment, and high- energy physics. Principle of Operation The CPM, like conventional photo- multiplier tubes, converts a very low light level into photoelectrons by a semitransparent photocathode de- posited on the inner surface of the entrance window. On their way from the cathode to the anode the photo- electrons pass through a narrow, se- miconductive channel. Each time the electrons hit the inner wall of the curved channel, multiple secondary electrons are emitted. This effect oc- curs multiple times along the path, leading to an avalanche effect with a gain exceeding 10 8. The curved sha- pe of the glass tube improves the multiplication effect.

Features

  • Ultra high anode sensitivity up to 10

7 A/W

  • Extremely low dark current, typically 3pA @ 106 gain
  • Very low equivalent noise input (down to 10-17 W)
  • Very high stability in dark current (no ”bursts”)
  • High gain exceeding 108
  • Very high dynamic range
  • Compact dimensions
  • Wide spectral response through multiple window materials
  • High resolution
  • Fast response time
  • High immunity to magnetic fields
  • Rugged design Cathode Channel-Entrance Channel-End Anode Coax-20…-50 V black

1 Mohm

Proposal for Power Supply-HV 100 V -HV red -HV +50…+300 V blue Physical Specification CHANNEL PHOTOMULTIPLIER PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION CPM When compared to conventional PMTs, the CPM improves anode sensitivity by one order of magni- tude, while lowering dark current by one to two orders of magnitude. The noise level shows extreme stability over time, with no ”bursts.” The extremely low dark current results in a higher dynamic range than con- ventional PMTs and extends detec- table limits for many applications. The CPM can be used in analog-DC mode, single photon counting mode, and in nuclear spectroscopy (when coupled to scintillation materials like BGO, LSO, Nal, etc.). PerkinElmer Optoelectronics offers a choice of window materials and photocatho- des to cover the spectrum from 115 nm (UV range) to 900 nm (NIR). The new detector is a small, head-on type with a total diameter of 10.5 mm including encapsulation. PerkinElmer Optoelectronics also offers custom configurations for specific applica- tions.

1 E+09

1 E+08

1 E+07

1 E+06

1 E+05

1 E+04

1 E+03

1 E+02 Current Amplification

Bias Voltage (V) Fig. 1: Typical current amplification 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

1 E-05

1 E-06

1 E-07

1 E-08

1 E-09

1 E-10

1 E-11

1 E-12 Dark Current (A)

Bias Voltage (V) Fig. 2: Typical anode dark current C 911 C 922 C 942C 952C 962C 972 MAIN FEATURES Compact Size The CPM is one of the smallest head- on type detectors, with a 10.5 mm diameter including encapsulation. The photocathode has a useful diameter of more than 5 mm. The tube is smal- ler, easier to use, and more rugged than discrete dynode types. Only a single high voltage supply of up to 3000 volts is necessary; no external voltage divider network is required. A variety of different sizes will be avai- lable soon ( 1/2” and 3/4”). Ultra high anode sensitivity At the maximum bias voltage of 3000 V, gains can exceed 108. At 2400 V, an- ode sensitivity is typically 3 x 106 A/W at a wavelength of 410 nm with a bi- alkali photocathode. This performan- ce surpasses conventional PMTs by one to two orders of magnitude and beats APDs by approximately five or- ders of magnitude (Fig. 1). Extremely low dark current The electron multiplication in the channel is virtually silent, so dark cur- rent depends only on the photoca- thode material, leakage currents are negligible. Bialkali photocathodes ex- hibit typical dark count rates of 10 cps at a gain of 3 x 10 8, while UV ca- thodes have dark count rates below 1 cps. In analog DC mode, the typical dark noise for a bialkali photocathode is 20 pA at a gain of 10 7. In general, the noise level of the PerkinElmer Optoelectronics CPM is one to two orders of magnitude lower than dyn- ode PMTs, resulting in a significant- ly higher dynamic range (Fig.2). 9 mm Unpotted 1/3 inch Channel Photomultiplier

PerkinElmer Optoelectronics GmbH Heimann Opto

65020 Wiesbaden, Germany

http://www.perkinelmer.com/opto USA PerkinElmer Optoelectronics 2175 Mission College Blvd. Santa Clara, CA 95054 Tel. ++1 (408) 565 - 0830 Fax ++1 (408) 565 - 0703 http://www.perkinelmer.com/opto Excellent photon counting resolution At gains exceeding 107 the single photo electron pulse is perfectly separated from the electrical noise, due to a sa- turation effect of the channel. The CPM exhibits single photon resolution with excellent peak to valley ra tios. Fig. 3 shows the single photo electron spectrum taken from a multi-channel analyzer compared to a conventional photomultiplier (Fig. 3). Choice of entrance window The CPM is available with different window materials, which are: MgF 2, Quartz, UV-glass, and Borosilicate glass. The com- bination of different photocathodes and entrance windows results in a spectral range from 115 nm to 900 nm. Other window materials and photocathode combinations are available on a custom basis (Fig. 4.1 and 4.2). Available related products

  • High Voltage supply CHV 30N (supplies 1 CPM, negative output voltage), CHV 30P (supplies 1 CPM, positive output voltage), J4-3N (supplies 10 to 15 CPMs)
  • CPM Modules MP900-series: Photoncounting module with TTL output, including CPM, electronic and high voltage MD900-series: DC module including high voltage supply, amplifier, I/U converter, output 0 to 10 V, bandwidth 1kHz MH900-series: High voltage module, including CPM and high voltage power supply
  • CPM Formats 1/3“ C900-series 1/2“ C1300-series 3/4“ C1900-series Datasheets on request 0 50 100 150 200 CPM PMT 250 300 2000 1500 1000 500 Counts Channel Fig. 3: Typical photo electron spectrum Wavelength (nm) 100 C 922 C 952 C 911 C 972 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Quantumefficency (%) 100 0.1 Fig. 4.1: Typical spectral response C 973 Wavelength (nm) 100 C 942 C 943 C 962 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Quantumefficency (%) Fig. 4.2: Typical spectral response 100 0.1 C 944 High stability in dark current level As a result of the semiconductive inner surface of the CPM, no charge-up effects occur at the glass surface. This results in a very high stability of the dark current level over time, with no sudden changes (bursts). The semiconductive surface also causes high-light recovery times to be extremely small.

1/3” CPM Channel Photomultipliers Technical Specifications

  • High Sensitivity Optical Detector
  • Extremely High Gain
  • Ultra Low Noise
  • 1/3 Inch, Head-On Type Dimensions (mm)

1/3” CPM Channel Photomultipliers Spectral response 0. 1 100 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Wavelength (nm) Quantumefficiency (%) C 91 1 C 942 C 962 C 921 C 952 C 972 C 943 C 973 C 983 C 982 C 922 C 944 CPM C900 Performance Specifications Current Amplification 1,E+02 1,E+03 1,E+04 1,E+05 1,E+06 1,E+07 1,E+08 1,E+09 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Bias Voltage (V) Current Amplification Dark Current 1,E-12 1,E-11 1,E-10 1,E-09 1,E-08 1,E-07 1,E-06 1,E-05 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Bias voltage (V) Dark current (A) C 972 C 942 C 911 C 922 C 962 C 952 C 982 Equivalent Noise Input 1E-18 1E-17 1E-16 1E-15 1E-14 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Wavelength (nm) ENI (W) C 911 C 922 C 942 C 952 C 962 C 972 C 982 Magnetic Field Effects 100 120 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 Magnetic field (Gauss) Relative output (%) CPM -axial magn field CPM -transverse magn field CAUTION: High Voltage Warning! This product is operated at high voltage. Extreme care must be taken to ensure operator safety and to avoid damage to other instruments. Avoid direct contact with the photomultiplier when high voltage is applied. Avoid placing conductive material close to the cathode. All given values are nominal/typical @ 20 °C ambient temperature; specifications subject to change without notice.

1/2” CPM Channel Photomultipliers Technical Specifications

  • High Sensitivity Optical Detector
  • Extremely High Gain
  • Ultra Low Noise
  • 1/2 Inch, Head-On Type Dimensions (mm)

1/2” CPM Channel Photomultipliers Spectral response 0. 1 100 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Wavelength (nm) Quantumefficiency (%) C 1311 C 1342 C 1362 C 1321 C 1 352 C 1 372 C 1343 C 1 373 C 1383 C 1382 C 1322 C 1344 CPM C1300 Performance Specifications Current Amplification 1,E+02 1,E+03 1,E+04 1,E+05 1,E+06 1,E+07 1,E+08 1,E+09 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Bias Voltage (V) Current Amplification Dark Current 1,E-12 1,E-11 1,E-10 1,E-09 1,E-08 1,E-07 1,E-06 1,E-05 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Bias voltage (V) Dark current (A) C 1372 C 1342 C 1311 C 1322 C 1362 C 1352 C 1382 E quivalent Noise Input 1E-18 1E-17 1E-16 1E-15 1E-14 100 300 500 700 900 W avelength (nm ) C 1311 C 1322 C 1342 C 1 352 C 1362 C 1 372 C 1382 Typical Photo Electron Spectrum 500 1000 1500 2000 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Channel CPM Counts CAUTION: High Voltage Warning! This product is operated at high voltage. Extreme care must be taken to ensure operator safety and to avoid damage to other instruments. Avoid direct contact with the photomultiplier when high voltage is applied. Avoid placing conductive material close to the cathode. All given values are nominal/typical @ 20 °C ambient temperature; specifications subject to change without notice.

3/4” CPM Channel Photomultipliers Technical Specifications

  • High Sensitivity Optical Detector
  • Extremely High Gain
  • Ultra Low Noise
  • 3/4 Inch, Head-On Type Dimensions (mm)

3/4” CPM Channel Photomultipliers Spectral response 0. 1 100 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Wavelength (nm) Quantumefficiency (%) C 1911 C 1942 C 1962 C 1921 C 1 952 C 1 972 C 1943 C 1 973 C 1983 C 1982 C 1322 C 1944 CPM C1900 Performance Specifications Current Amplification 1, E+02 1, E+03 1, E+04 1, E+05 1, E+06 1, E+07 1, E+08 1, E+09 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Bias Voltage (V) Current Amplification Dark Current 1,E-12 1,E-11 1,E-10 1,E-09 1,E-08 1,E-07 1,E-06 1,E-05 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Bias voltage (V) Dark current (A) C 1972 C 1942 C 1911 C 1922 C 1962 C1 9 5 2 C 1982 E quivalent Noise Input 1E-18 1E-17 1E-16 1E-15 1E-14 100 300 500 700 900 W avelength (nm ) ENI (W) C 1911C 1922 C 1942 C 1952 C 1962 C 1972 C 1982 Typical Photo Electron Spectrum 500 1000 1500 2000 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Channel CPM Counts CAUTION: High Voltage Warning! This product is operated at high voltage. Extreme care must be taken to ensure operator safety and to avoid damage to other instruments. Avoid direct contact with the photomultiplier when high voltage is applied. Avoid placing conductive material close to the cathode. All given values are nominal/typical @ 20 °C ambient temperature; specifications subject to change without notice.

www.perkinelmer.com/opto © 2001 PerkinElmer, Inc. All rights reserved. USA: PerkinElmer Optoelectronics 2175 Mission College Blvd. Santa Clara, CA 95054 Phone: (408) 565-0850 Fax: (408) 565-0793 EUROPE: PerkinElmer Optoelectronics GmbH Wenzel-Jaksch-Str. 31

65199 Wiesbaden

Phone: +49 611 492 534 Fax: +49 611 492 578 ASIA: PerkinElmer Optoelectronics

47 Ayer Rajah Crescent #06-12

Phone: +65 775 2022 Fax: +65 775 1008 DS-291 Rev A 1101